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SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 



This series of Books for Teachers began with the issue in 1875 of 
Common School Laic for Common School Teachers. Within six years 
more than one hundred books were issued, with an aggregate sale 
exceeding three hundred thousand copies. That no teacher's library- 
is fairly complete without at least several of these books is com- 
monly admitted, and the titles of some of the more important are 
hereto appended, those most recently published being in CAPITALS. 

Besides his own publications, the undersigned deals largely in all 
Teacher's Supplies. He makes a specialty of works on Pedagogy; in 
other words, of works intended for the use of Teachers, as distin- 
guished from Educational Text-Books. His catalogue of over 400 
such works will be sent for two three-cent stamps; and he will endeavor 
to fill promptly and cheaply orders for any American or English 
publications of this character. It is his intention to keep constantly 
in stock every reputable pedagogical book now published; and he 
also keeps close watch of auction sales, both in this country and 
abroad, in order to secure such works as are now "out of print." but 
which have present or historical value. Correspondence is solicited, 
and will receive attention. C. W. BARDEEN, Syracuse, N. Y. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

©j^HpXl^'^ijji^nji^J ;|tt, 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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Aldeii (Joseph) First Principles of routicaL iLconomy. yAoWi, 16 
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Bradford (W. H.) The Thirty Possible Problems of Percentage. 
embracing a full and exhaustive discussion of the theory of 
General Percentage, with one hundred illustrative examples. 
Second edition, revised and enlarged. Flexible Cloth, 16mo., 
pp. 34 — 

Beebe (Levi N.) First Steps among Figures. A Drill Book in the 
Fundamental Rules of Arithmetic, based upon the Grube Meth- 
od. Teacher's Edition. Cloth, 16mo. , pp. 326 

PupiVs Edition. Cloth, 16mo., pp.143.. 

BucklKim (Henry B.) HANDBOOKS FOR YOUNG TEACH- 
ERS. No 1, FIRST STEPS. Cloth, 24 mo., pp. 152 

No. 2, Lessons and Discipline. In preparation. 



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Bardeen (C. W.) Common School Law. A digest of statute and 
common law as to the relations of the Teacher to the Pupil, 
the Parent, and the District. With 400 references to legal 
decisions in 31 different states. To which are added the 
1400 questions given at the first seven New York Examina- 
tions for State Certificates. 7th thousand. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 
188 and Appendix _ 50 

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16njo., pp. 295. 1 25 

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Book-Keeping Blanks. Day-Book, Journal, Ledger. Cash Book, 

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sent. Pp.48 25 

-r — School Ruler, marked on one side by inches and metres, and 
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Cooke (Sidney G.) Politics and Schools. Paper, 8vo., pp. 23 25 

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Normal Training. 42d Thousand. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 340.^.. 1 50 

De Graff (E. V.) PRACTICAL PHONICS. A comprehensive 
study of Pronunciation, forming a complete guide to the study 
of the elementary sounds of the English Language, and con- 
taining 3000 words of difllcult pronunciation,"with diacritical 
marks according to Webster's Dictionary. Cloth, 12mo., 
pp. 108. 75 

POCKET PRONUNCIATION BOOK, containing the 3000 

words of difficult pronunciation, with diacritical marks accord- 
ing to Webster's Dictionary. Manilla, 16mo,, pp. 47 15 

Ihe School Room Guide, embodying the instruction given by 

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States, and especially intended to assist Public School Teach- 
ers in the practical work of the school room. Tenth Edition, 
with many additions and corrections. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 449. . 1 50 

—■ — The Song Budget. A collection of Songs and Music for schools 

and educational gatherings. Paper, small 4to., pp. 72 15 

The School-Room Chorus. A collection of 200 Songs, suitable 

for Public and Private Schools. Boards, small 4to., pp. 147_. 35 



By the Same Author. 



NORTHAM'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT.— Civil 
Government for Common Schools. Prepared as a 
Manual for Public Instruction in the State of New 
York. To which are appended the Declaration of 
Independence, the Constitution of the United States, 
and the Constitution of the State of New York, as 
recently amended. By Heniy C. Northam, Con- 
ductor of Teachers' Institutes. Seventh edition, 185 
pages, bevelled cloth. Price, 75 cents. 

In the Legislatiu-e of 1878, 113 copies were ordered for 
the use of members of the Assembly. Its almost universal 
use has flooded us with recommendations, of which we can 
insert but a few.— A book not so much for teaching- young 
students to reason as to impress upon tlieir minds, at a 
period wlien they are luost retentive, that fundamental 
knowledge so important to every citizen.— ^Intire'w; D. 
White, LL. D., President of Ctn-neU Univer^itu- I commend 
the book for its directness of purpose, brevity of discus- 
sion, and comprehensiveness of subject-matter.— James 
IT. Hoot<e, Ph. D., Principal of the Cortland State Normal 
School. Just the book demauded by the times.— roTJimw- 
sioner A. B. Wathins, Pli. D., Jefi'erson County. Will soon 
be used as a text-book iu every school iu this county.— 
Commissioner C. W. Hamillon, KinQs County. It meets 
the wants of our Teachers' Classes.— Saperintende^it Bar- 
ney Whitney, Ogdenslmr{i . 



This Chart brings before the eye a great number of the Important 
events of period V., from 1789 to the present time, arranged in 12 groups. 







1 


2 


3 


GEOBGE WASHINGTON, 


1789 




*** 

* * 


* 


JOHN ADAMS, 


1797 . 








THOMAS JEFFERSON, 


1801 


* 






JAMES MADISON, 


1809 




« * 


* 


JAMES MONROE, 


1817 


* 






JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 


1825 






* 


ANDREW JACKSON, 


1829 




* * 


* « 


MARTIN VAN BUREN 


Il837 

1 




* * 

* 




HARRISON & TYLER. 


1841 


* 


* 


* 


JAMES K. POI.K, 


1845 


* 




* 


TAYI.OR & FILLMORE. 


1849 

1 . 
1853 

1857 








FRANKLIN PIERCE, 


« 






JAMES BUCHANAN, 








LINCOLN& JOHNSON, 


1861 


* 


» * 

* 


* * 


ULYSSES S. GRANT, 


1869 








RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. 


1877 




« 




GARFIELD & ARTHUR, 


L881 









3sro. ^. 

The events may be learned in groups downward, or hy presidential 
administrations from left to right. The Key to this Chart commences 
on page 142. Double terms pf the several presidents are indicated in red. 



4 


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9 1 10 


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12 


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-SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 



A HEIiP TOWARD 



]P^IXI)N|Q THE ]^ACT3 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 



3 ^ BY 

HENRY C. NORTHAM, 

AUTHOR OF 

" Givil Government for Common Schools." 






SYRACUSE, N. Y.: 
1882. 



Copyright, 1883, by C. W. Bakdeek. 

Ens 
.1. 



Ot'M^ 



PREFACE. 



Nineteen teachers in twenty, glancing at the title 
of this little volume, will say: 

"What! another text-book of United States His- 
tory? It will fail. There is no place for it. The 
field is covered." 

Perhaps so; yet it may be worth while to look 
these pages over. Whatever merits it may lack, the 
plan is at least novel. All facts are presented in 
groups. Please look, for instance, at Chart No. 1 : 
at the events it denotes, and at the way it denotes 
them. Look at the key- word to the Revolution, 
LIBERTY, (for which, by the way, I am indebted 
to a noble teacher who lays down his mantle of 
thirty years' service just as this book is issued — 
Noah T. Clarke, Ph. D., of Canandaigua), and at 
the corresponding key-words for the Rebellion, 
SLAVES FREED. Do not the events fixed to 
those seven and those eleven letters so epitomize the 
two trial periods in our country's history, that a 



PREFACE. vi 

fair perspective is ensured as a permanent acquisi- 
tion? 

That the plan of presentation here laid down 
has been remarkably successful where it has 
been tried is a matter of fact. That it will arrest 
attention enough to ensure a fair trial in schools 
generally is earnestly hoped. 

H. C. NORTHAM. 

Lowville, N. Y., May 25, 1882. 



}^IXINQ THf: "pACTg, 



IN 



"plXINQ TH£: |.EADljNQ ]pACT3 



OF 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 



SECTION I. 



EAELY DISCOVERIES. 

The best authorities inform us that Ice- 
land was discovered by the Northmen in 
the year 860, and was settled in 874. 

In 876 or 877 Greenland was discovered, 
and a colony was planted there by Eric 
the Red, in 983 to 985. This led, accord- 
ing to the Icelandic legends, to the discov- 
ery of the mainland of America by Bjarni, 
son of Herjulf, in the year 986. 



10 AMERICAN HIST OB T. 

About 1001, Loif (life), son of Eric the 
Red, set sail with 35 men to pursue the 
discovery of Bjarni (byiir-ne). In the 
6prin<^ of 1007, Thortinn Karlselfi, a rich 
Icehmder, sailed southward with three 
ships, containing 160 men, and some cattle. 

It is said that he ])assed three winters 
on the coast of Massachusetts, and while 
there a son was born, that was named 
Snorro. The natives being very liostile 
lie went back probably to Greenland. 

The truthfulness of these legends is con- 
firmed by Adam of Bremen, a German 
Missionary. 

The latest documentary evidence in re- 
lation to tbo intercourse between Green- 
land and America is the Yenetian narra- 
tive of the visit of NicoloZeno, about 131)0, 
to Greenland, where he mot with tisher- 
men who had been on the coast of 
America. 

We know nothing more of it until 
Columbus's visit, in 1492. 



SECTION II. 



Periodb Bounded ry Datrb. 

Hietorians generally divide American 
history into periods, so that tlie leading 
events of any one ])eriod may ho grouped 
and easily rememhered. 

I. PlORIOD OF DrSOOVERY AND Exi>LORA- 

TiON, commencing 1492, ending with the 
first permanent settlenjont at Janu^ftown, 
Ya., 1607. 

\\, The Colonial Pekiod, 1007 to 1775. 

III. The Revolutionary Period, 1775 
to 1781. 

lY The F^EiiiOD oe Oonfedekation, 
1781 to 1789. 

Y. The Constitutional Pkriod, J 789 to 
1882, etc. 



SECTION III. 



Period L~U92 to 1607. 

Columbus made four voyages. 

The following were the strongest 
ifations engaged in explorations, viz : Eng- 
land, France, Spain, and Holland. 

As a result of these explorations, 
England claimed all the territory from 
Labrador to Florida, extending west in- 
definitely. 

Spain claimed the region bordering on 
the Gulf of Mexico, including Florida. 

France claimed Canada, Acadia, and 
'the district north of New York Bay, be- 
sides a portion in the south called Caro- 
lina. 

Holland claimed all the territory be- 
tween the mouth of the Delaware Bay and 
Acadia. 



PEBIOD I.~lJf92 TO 1607. 13 

In some instances three nations claimed 
the- same territory, which, as settlements 
increased, brought on serious difficulties, 
as will be seen in the next period. 

The reigning Sovereigns in England 
during this period were — 
Henry YII., from 1485 to 1509, U years. 
Henry VIII., " 1509 to 1547, 38 '' 
Edward YL, " 1547 to 1553, 6 . ^' 
Mary, " 1553 to 1558, 5 '' 

Elizabeth, '' 1558 to 1603, 45 '' 



SECTION IV. 



Period II.— 1607 to 1775. 

During this period, the thirteen colonies 
were founded and settled. The names of 
these colonies can readily be recollected, 
from the tact that they included all the 
present states bordering on the Atlantic, 
from New Hampshire to Georgia, with 
Pennsylvania, as the '' Keystone," added. 

The first colony, Virginia, was founded 
in 1607, the last, Georgia, in 1733. Nearly 
every one of these colonies had been set- 
tled by people who were endeavoring to 
escape persecution of some sort. However, 
it followed them in the form of oppressive 
laws, for instance the Navigation Act^ 
which was: 

1. That the American colonies must 
ship their goods to England alone. 



PERIOD 1L~1607 TO 1776. 15 

2. That thej must there obtain all the 
foreign goods needed by them. 

3. That they must not import or export 
anything except in British vessels. 

WARS. 

During this period, whenever war ex- 
isted between two foreign nations claiming 
territory in America, it also broke out be- 
tween the same nations in America ; for 
instance, King William'' s War, 1689, was 
between England and France. War im- 
mediately followed in America between 
the English and French, aided by the 
Indians, at which time Schenectady, N. 
Y., and many other settlements were 
destroyed. 

The Treaty of Jdyswick closed this war 
in 1697; each party retaining the same 
territory held at the commencement of the 
war. 

Peace lasted five years, when Queen 
Anne declared war against France in 1702, 
which lasted eleven years. The colonies 
suffered very much, Port Royal was cap- 



16 AMERICAN RISTOBY. 

tured, and the Treaty of Utrecht^ in 1713, 
closed the war, giving Acadia to Great 
Britain. 

A dispute arose as to who should ascend 
the Austrian throne^ in 1744. Great 
Britain took one side, and France became 
an ally of the other. This war is known 
as King George's War^ and was closed by 
the Treaty Aix-la- Chapelle, 1748. 

Louisburgh, on Cape Breton Island, 
was captured by the English, but restored 
to France by the treaty. 

The next, called the InterGolonial War, 
grew out of a question of ownership of ter- 
ritory resulting from the conflict of claims 
previously mentioned. 

The claims of the Dutch were given up 
in 1674. 

Spain yielded her claim to Georgia in 
1742, and the terrible conflict between the 
English against the French and Indians 
commenced in 1755, and was closed by the 
Treaty of Paris 1763, France giving up 
to England all her possessions east of the 
Mississippi river, except the island and 
city of New Orleans. 



PERIOD JI.—I607 TO 177S. 17 

The colonies down to 1776 were under 
the dominion of the crown of England. 
But there were several different kinds of 
government in the colonies, which were 
changed from time to time. 

I. Pkoprietary, as Pennsylvania and 
Maryland. 

II. Royal, when the governor was ap- 
pointed directly by the king. 

III. Charter, a written instrument 
granting certain political rights. 

ly. Commercial Corporation, as the 
London Company^ consisting of English 
merchants for business operations. 

Y. YoLUNTARY ASSOCIATION, u govern- 
ment by the people, which was a pure 
devfiocracy. 

YiRGiNiA was at first a Gornmercial Cor- 
poration ; the London Company dissolved 
in 1624, when it became a Royal Province^ 
remaining as such one hundred and fifty 
years, except from 1675 to 1684, when it 
was Proprietary. 

In 1676, the people of Yirginia engaged 



18 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

in a struggle for popular liberty, in oppo- 
sition to the oppression of Governor Berke- 
ley, which is known as the " Bacon Rebel- 
lion." 

During this struggle the village of 
Jamestown was burned. Bacon died, and 
Berkeley caused twenty-two of his fol- 
lowers to be hung. The King soon re- 
called Berkeley ior this vindictive conduct. 

Massachusetts was at first governed by 
Voluntary Association ; the Plymouth 
colony having a charter, the Massachusetts 
Bay colony not having one. In 1686, 
Massachusetts became a Royal Province^ 
and remained as such until 1776. 

New Hampshire was at first Proprie- 
to/ry ; in 1641, it was joined with Massa- 
chusetts ; in 1680, it became Royal,, and 
for a time it was alternately under Massa- 
chusetts, and separated from it. From 
1741 to 1776, it was Royal. 

Maryland had a Propr^ietary govern- 
ment under Lord Baltimore. In 1691, it 
became Royal. In 17 ' 6, Proprietary, and 
remained as such until Independence. 



PERIOD 11.-1607 TO 1775. 19 

Connecticut had what was known as 
three colonies, namelv : Sayhrook colony, 
under Proprietary rule ; Connecticut and 
New Haven colonies, both oroverned by 
Vohmtary Association. Sayhrook colony 
united with Connecticut colony 1644. A 
Royal charter was obtained 1662, uniting 
New Ua/mn colony with them; the consol- 
idation formed Connecticut proper. This 
charter was annulled by Kin^ James, and 
when his Governor, Andros, came in 1687 
to seize it. Captain Wadsworth quietly 
hid it in the famous old " Oak." After 
Andros's rule was over, the old tree yielded 
up its hidden treasure. The chartered 
government was restored. 

Rhode Island was governed at first by 
Voluntary Association ; in 1644, Roger 
Williams obtained a charter from Parlia- 
ment ; in 1663, the king, Charles II. ^ 
granted a new charter which was almost 
the same as the original one, and which 
for nearly two hundred years continued to 
be the constitution of Rhode Island, until 
the Dorr rebellion in 1842. 



^0 AMERICAN HI8T0BT. 

New York was at first a Praprieta/ry 
government under governors. It had no 
charter, but was allowed a le2:islature in 
1683, and at this time was divided into ten 
counties, called Kings, Queens, Suffolk, 
New York, Richmond, Westchester, 
Duchess, Albany, Ulster, and Orange. It 
became Royal under James II., and so re- 
mained until Independence. 

New Jersey was also Proprietary^ hav- 
ing various political changes till in 1702 the 
proprietors gave up their claims and New 
Jersey became a Royal Province^ continu- 
ing as such until 1776. 

Pennsylvania was Proprietary under 
William Penn, who gave the people a 
charter, allowing them to elect members 
of the assembly and the governor's coun- 
cil — the proprietor appointing ihp gov- 
enor. For a brief period, about 1692, it 
was under the governor of New York, but 
the Proprietary government was restored 
and continued under Penn's son's until 
1776. 

Delaware was Proprietary^ and in- 



PERIOD n.—1607 TO 1775, 21 

eluded iii Peou^s province and under the 
same governor. 

North Carolina and South Carolina 
were under a Proprietary goyernment un- 
til 1729 ; after that tbej were Royal 
Provinces. 

Georgia was at first under trustees, and 
might be called Proprietary- in 1752 it 
became a Poyal Province, remaining as 
such till Independence. 

This tells in brief the story of the differ- 
ent kinds of government existing in 
America during the colonial period. 

The reigning Sovereigns in England 
during this period were — 
James L, 1603 to 1625, 22 years. 

Charles I., 1625 to 1649, 24 " 

Commonwealth, 1649 to 1660, 11 " 

Oliver Cromwell was elected Lord Pro- 
tector 1653, died 1658. 
Charles XL, 1660 to 1685, 25 years. 

James II,, 1685 to 1688, 3 " 

William & Mary, 1689 to 1702, 13 " 
Anne, 1702 to 1714, 12 " 

George I., . 1714. to 1727, , 13 " 

George II., 1727 to 1760, 33 '' ' 



SECTION V 



Causes Leading to the Revolution. 

The causes leading to the Revolution 
were numerous, among which may be 
mentioned : 

1. The Navigation Act of 1760. As the 
prosperity of the colonies increased, other 
oppressive measures were taken to cripple 
them in their various industries ; hence, 

2. In 1T64, Parliament levied the first 
tax upon a few articles imported into the 
colonies to defray the large expenses in- 
curred in the French and Indian wars. 
The colonies would not agree to this be- 
cause they had no representation. 

a. The Stamp Act followed in 1766, re- 
quiring all deeds, notes, bills and legal 
documents to be written upon stamped 
paper. The people were indignant, re- 



CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION 23 

fusing to import goods or use stamps, and 
Parliament was really compelled to repeal 
both acts in 1766. 

1770. 

4. A collision took place March 5, 1770, 
between soldiers and a crowd of citizens, 
in which three of the latter were killed 
and eight wounded. This is known as the 
^' Boston Massacre." General Gage put 
the entire colony under military rule. 

5. April, 1770, the English government 
removed all of the duties except that of 
three- pence a pound on tea, which was 
retained at the express command of George 
III., who said that " there should always 
be one tax, at least, to keep up the right 
of taxing." 

6. The objection on the part of the col- 
onies was not in regard to the amount of 
taxes required, but they were opposed to 
the principle of taxation without repre- 
sentation. 

1773. 

7. December 16, a band of men dis- 



24 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

guised as Indians went on board three tea 
ships, whigh had recently arrived from 
England, emptied the tea into the water^ 
and quietly retired. 

1774. 

8. In March, Parliament passed the 
" Boston Port Bill " which closed that 
port to all commerce, and transferred the 
board of customs to Marblehead, whereby 
" Boston was to be starved out." 

9. September 5,' 1774, the first Congress 
in which all the colonies were represented 
met at Carpenter's Hall, in Philadelphia,, 
and that body of men is known in history 
as the " First Continental Congress." It 
was composed oi fifty-three members, and 
among them were the following : Wash- 
ington, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry 
Lee, Edward and John Rutledge, Christo- 
pher Gadsden, Samuel Adams, John 
Adams, Roger Sherman, Philip Living- 
ston, William Livingston, and John Jay. 

On the second day Patrick Henry in a 
speech of surpassing eloquence, said, among 



GA USES OF THE REVOL UTION. 25 

Other things, " British oppression has ef- 
faced the boundaries of the several colo- 
nies ; the distinctions between Virginians, 
Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, and New 
Englanders are no more. I am not a Yir- 
ginian, but an American." Among the 
papers issued were a petition to the King, 
an address to the people of Canada, and 
one to the people of Great Britain, by 
John Jay, and a memorial to the colonies 
by Richard Henry Lee. 

This Congress adjourned October 26, 
having provided for another Congress to 
meet the following May, 



SECTION VI. 



Period III.— 1775 to 1781. 

1775. 

General Gage, on the night of April 
18, secretly dispatched a large force to de- 
stroy the colonist's stores at Concord ; the 
next morning, April 19, at Lexington, 
half-way between Boston and Concord, the 
first fighting took place; eight soldiers 
were killed and nine wounded. The 
British pushed on to Concord, destroyed 
some stores, but were hotly pursued by the 
Americans ; the American loss during 
the raid was 49 killed, 34 wounded. 

The British reached Boston, having lost 
in killed, wounded, and missing, 273. 

As the news from Lexington and Con- 
cord spread eastward and southward, the 
people everywhere rose to arms, and before 



PERIOD 111.-1775 TO 1781. 27 

the close of summer the power of all the 
Royal Governors from Massachusetts to 
Georgia was at an end. 

Ticonderoga was captured by volunteers, 
commanded by Ethan Allen, May 10 ; the 
■cannons and ammunition were of great ben- 
efit to the poor]y equipped American 
forces. 

The " Second Continental Congress " 
met at Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, 
May 10. John Hancock was elected Pres- 
ident of this Congress. It consisted of 56 
members, and existed as a Congress during 
the war, some members going out and 
others being elected to take their places. 

Crown Point was captured May 12, by 
the Americans. 

The "Second Continental Congress" 
appointed George Washington command- 
er-in-chief of the American armies June 16. 

Before he could reach the seat of war, 
the battle of Bunker Hill had been fought, 
June 17. 

"Washington took command of the army 
July 4. 



28 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Quebec was attacked December 31, bj 
parties led bj Generals Montgomery and 
Arnold. Montgomery was slain, and Ar- 
nold severely wounded. 

1776. 

Boston evacuated by the British, March 
17. 

Battle of Fort Moultrie, S. C, June 28. 

Declaration of Independence, July 4. 
Having been engrossed on parchment, it 
was signed August 2, by 54 members, and 
subsequently by the other two. 

Battle of Long Island, ]^ew York, Au- 
gust 27 ; Fort Washington, i^ovember 16 ; 
and Trenton, December 26. 

1777. 
Battle of Princeton, January 3; murder 
of Miss Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward, 
July 27 ; the battle of Oriskany, N. Y., 
August 6 ; Bennington, August 16 ; Bran- 
dywine, Pa., September 11 ; British enter 
Philadelphia, September 26 ; battle of 
Germ an town, Pa., October 4 ; surrender 
of Burgoyne, October 17 ; Washington 



PERIOD 111.-1775 TO 1781. 29 

encamped at Yalley Forge, Pa., Decem- 
ber 11, for winter quarters. 

1778. 

Evacuation of Philadelphia, June 18 ; 
battle of Monmouth, June 28 ; massacre in 
the Wyoming Yalley," Pa., July 3 ; Qua- 
ker Hill, R. I., August 29 ; massacre by 
Tories and Indians at Cherry Yalley, N. 
Y., November 11 and 12. 

1779. 

Stony Point, iSi. Y., captured by the 
British, May 31; re-captured by the 
American army, under Wayne, July 15. 

Sullivan's chastisement of the Indians 
for their cold-blooded massacre, culmina- 
ting in the battle of Chemung, August 29. 

Paul Jones's Naval battle off the coast 
of England, September 23. 

1780. 

Charleston, S. C, surrendered to the 
British, May 12 ; battle at Sanders's Creek, 
S. C, August 16. 

Arnold and Andre had a meeting Sep- 



30 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

tember 21, extending into the morning of 
the 22. 

Andre was captured about noon, Septem- 
ber 23, executed at Tappan, N. Y., Octo- 
ber 2 ; forty years afterward his remains 
were taken to England, and laid in West- 
minster Abbey beneath a costly monu- 
ment. 

1781. 

Battle of Cowpens, S. C, January 17. 

Battle of Guilford Court House, N. 0., 
March 15. 

Massacre at Fort Griswold, Ct., Septem- 
ber 6. 

Battle of Eutaw Springs, S. 0., Septem- 
ber 8. 

Siege of Yorktown, followed by its sur^ 
render October 19. 

George III was King of England during 
this period— from 1760 to 1820, 60 years. 



SECTION VII. 



The Revolution Reviewed by Grouping. 

The preceding facts of the Revolution 
dre given fo7' reference / the dates are not to 
he memorized except as they are associated 
with some great event that can he easily re- 
memhered 

The following plan is suggested for 
studying the events of seven years of the 
American Revolution, commencing with 
the battle of Lexington and extending to 
the close of the war, the surrender at 
Yorktown, Ya. 

Only one date for each year given in 
the following groups, is to be remembered 
at first ; then the events preceding the one 
whose date is given ; afterward the events 
that follow in the same year. 

The colonists were contending for rights 
81 



33 AMERICAN HI8T0BT 

of which they had been deprived, there- 
fore a hey -word which will suggest the 
events of these years is 

LIBERTY. 

The suggestive words vQ\)Ye^Qnimg events 
having dates given are printed in small 
capitals, and the iriitial letters of these 
several words used in regular succession 
will spell the key-word. 

LIBERTY. 



Fwst Group, 1775. 



L — ExiNGTON, April 19, followed by the 
capture of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, bat- 
tles of Bunker Hill, Montreal, and Quebec. 



Second Group, 1776. 



I — NDfiPENDENCE, July 4, preceded by 



THE REVOLUTION REVIEWED^ 33 

the repulse of the British at Fort Moultrie, 
S. C. 

Followed by the battles of Lon^ Island, 
Fort Washington, and Trenton. 



Third Group, 1777, 



B — urgoyne's Suekender, October 17, 
preceded by the battles of Princeton, Oris- 
kany, Bennington, Brandy wine ; occupa- 
tion of Philadelphia by the British ; battle 
of Germantown. 

Followed by Washington's going into 
winter quarters at Valley Forge. 



Fourth Group, 1778„ 



E — vACDATioN of Philadelphia, June 18. 
Followed by the battle of Monmouth, N. 
J., the battles and massacre in the Wy- 



34 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

oming Yalley, Penu,, battle at Quaker 
Hill, K I., massacre by Tories and In- 
dians at Cherry Yalley, N. Y. 



Fifth Group, 1779. 



R — ETRiBUTioN meted out by General 
Sullivan to the Indians in Western New 
York during the months of August and 
September. 

At Newtown, now Elmira, N. Y., he 
routed a body of the enemy in a fierce con- 
flict, known as the " Battle of Chemung," 
August 29 ; he then destroyed forty Indian 
villages.' • 

After that, their murderous assaults 
were less frequent. 

Sullivan's raid was preceded by the cap- 
ture of Stony Point by the British, and its 
re-capture by the Americans under Gen- 
eral Wayne. 

It was followed by the grand naval en- 
gagement, in which the Commander, John 



THE REVOLUTION REVIEWED. 35- 

Paul Jones, captured two British war- 
vessels. 

In sixteen hours after the battle, Jones's 
ship, the Bon Homme (horn) Richardy 
sank. The officers and men were trans- 
ferred to one of the captured vessels. 



Sixth Group, 1780. 



T-— REASON of Arnold ; his meeting 
Major Andre, September 21, at Haver- 
straw, six miles below Stony Point, for 
the purpose of negotiating the surrender 
of West Point to General Clinton. 

This event was preceded bj the surren- 
der of Charleston to the British ; the bat- 
tle at Sanders's Creek, in which Baron de 
Kalb, a German officer, and brave to the 
very last, had his horse shot from under 
him, and his head laid open by a sabre 
stroke. Wound followed wound, but he 
held his ground until he became exhausted. 



36 AMERICAN BISTORT. 

haviug received eleven wounds ; he lived 
three days after this terrible conflict. 

The meeting of Arnold and Andre was 
followed by Andre's capture, at Tarrytown, 
by John Paulding, Daniel Williams, and 
Isaac Yan Wart, and his removal to North 
Castle, the nearest military station. He was 
afterward taken to Tappan, then Wash- 
ington's head-quarters, tried by a court- 
martial consisting of six major-generals and 
eight brigadiers, which found him guilty of 
being a spy, and sentenced liim to death. 



Seventh Group, 1781. 



Y — ORKTOWN gathered in for the Ameri- 
cans, October 19, a rich harvest— no less 
than Lord Cornwallis and over seven thou- 
sand soldiers. 

This was preceded by the battles of 
Cowpeus, S. C, Guilford Court House, N. 
C. ; massacre at Fort Griswold, Conn.; 
battle of Eutaw Springs. 



THE REVOLUTION REVIEWED. 37 

Followed by a resolution on the part of 
Parliament to close the war. 



KECAPITULATION. 



1T75, L — EXINGTON. 

1776. I — NDEPENDENCE. 

1777. B — ukgoyne's Surrender. 

1778. E — VACUATION. 

1779. R — ETRIBUTION. 

1780. T— REASON. 

1781. Y — ORKTOWN. 

Observe that the key-ioords^ represent- 
ing the important events with dates have 
been recapitulated, and by reading the first 
o,r initial letter of each word downward in 
the form of an acrostic, a picture-word is 
presented which is 

LIBERTY. 

The word Liberty is very easily remem- 
bered, and its initial letter L recalls Lex- 



38 AMERICAN HI8T0BT. 

ington, 1775, and all the leading events of 
the year. ' 

I suggests Independence, 1776, which 
carries us back to the Continental con- 
gresses of 1774 and '75 : we recall the stir- 
ring debates of the one in session in 1776, 
^nd the final action in which fifty-six mem- 
bers of that Continental Congress pledged 
their lives ^ their fortunes^ and their sacred 
honor. 

The initial letter B carries us back to 
England, w^here Burgoyne is starting out 
with an army, said to be the flower of the 
world : trace him across the ocean, his 
army is augmented in Canada by several 
thousand; trace him over the waters of 
Lake Champlaiu, to Fort Edward ; and 
finally over the country to Saratoga, the 
place of his surrender : associate with this 
the movements of the American army, and 
the story is complete. 

The letter E suggests the Evacuation of 
Philadelphia by the British army, their 
pursuit by Washington, culminating in the 
battle of Momraouth; — all taking place in 
1778. 



THE REVOLUTION REVIEWED. 39 

R is for Retribution, which is suggested 
from the chastisement meted out by Gen- 
eral Sullivan to the Tories and Indians as 
a just puishment for their raids and massa- 
cres among the settlements in the Mohawk,. 
Schoharie, and Cherry Yalleys in New 
York, and the Wyoming Yalley in Penn- 
sylvania. The untold horrors of nearly 
four years were closed by this event, which 
stands out very prominent in American 
History. 

Treason will suggest the ignoble part 
played by a Benedict Arnold, the capture 
of Major Andre, his death at Tappan, and 
a hundred incidents connected therewith. 

Finally, Y crowns the whole, by the 
surrender of the British army at York- 
town, thus closing up the bloody struggle 
for freedom, which had lasted more than 
seven years. 

SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 

This section may be taught in several ways, each 
being made very attractive. 
1. Remember, and have the pupils rememb6r, the 



40 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

word LIBERTY, and also that there are seven let- 
ters in it. 

2. Talk about it, and make an application of it 
to the great object the colonists had in view. 

3. Associate these seven letters with the seven 
successive years, beginning with 1775, as in the 
recapitulation. Drill upon this until your pupils 
can tell instantly in which year B belongs, Y, R, L, 
or any of the seven letters: there should be no hesi- 
tation about it. 

4. Write on the blackboard 1775, and L at the 
right of it; and let the children suggest an event that 
happened that year commencing with L. Perhaps 
the children will name an event, using more than 
one word, as Battle of Lexington : say to them the 
word Lexington is suggestive, and we will use that as 
the first event in that year: a story can be told of 
Lexington ; then the children will find from their 
books another event which, if accepted by the teacher, 
will be placed in the group with Lexington: the 
story should be told by somebody ; then all the stories 
in the group should be reviewed : the teacher can 
have longer or shorter groups than these given in 
this section, depending largely upon the ability of 
the class. 



TEE REVOLUTION REVIEWED. 41 

ANOTHER METHOD. 

1. Do not give the word Liberty, but commence 
with 1775, and ask them to find in their books one 
or more important events that took place during that 
year. 

2. The children will report, and, unless they have 
Lexington, you will suggest that you wish an event 
commencing with L. When obtained, write date 
and word upon the blackboard, — only one word, the 
L not separated as in the recapitulation. Work out 
a story as before. 

3. The next lesson brings out the word to be used 
for 1776; children will probably name several, but 
you are to use the one as given in the recapitula- 
tion ; there must be a story, and it should be made 
just as interesting as possible ; tell the children the 
other words will be used in a few days; and further, 
tell the children that you are working for a picture, 
{word picture) which will show itself and be seen 
by all of you. We will suppose that you have con- 
tinued these dates each day, the seventh bringing 
out Yorktown. 

4. If none of the children have discovered the 
picture as yet, and I should wish they would not, 
because it is better to have it burst upon their vision 
in an instant, it will make them all feel elated. 



42 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

5. The teacher should have a white and red 
crayon, and say to the children, I will re-write these 
words, and I wish to have you all watch them 
closely. 

6. The teacher writes the letter L with the red 
crayon, finishing the word with the white, leaving 
a space between the L and e as in the recapitulation, 
then turns to the class to see what the effect is. 

7. Then the second word in same way, using the 
red crayon for the initial letter, noticing each time 
the effect upon the class. 

8. By the time you have reached the fourth word 
some member of the class raises his hand, which in- 
dicates that he sees the picture. 

9. No pupil should be allowed to name the pic- 
ture until you have written the seven words. Please 
note the expression of faces in that class as they 
discover the picture by reading the red letters 
downward. 

10. Now you can go back and enlarge your 
groups and in a short time you will master the im- 
portant points in the history of these seven years. 

11. The Rebellion, commencing with 1860, is to 
be taught in the same manner. 



SECTION ^ail. 



Peeiod IV.— 1781 TO 1789. 

This period, which began in 1781, 
was the outgrowth of events that took 
place years before : for instance, in 1777 
<;ongress adopted a constitution (called 
Articles of Confederation) which was to 
become binding when ratified by all the 
states. 

Within two years all the states except 

Maryland had done so. A very grave 

reason existed why Maryland should not 

ratify the same : she claimed that certain 

unoccupied lands, which are now known 

as the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, 

Alabama, Mississippi,Yermont, and Maine 

should not be the individual state property 

of those states contiguous to, and claiming 

ownership of, the same — namely, Virginia, 
43 



44 AMEBWAN HISTORT. 

ISTorth and South Carolina, Georgia, New 
York, and Massachusetts — , but that these 
states should cede to the general govern- 
ment all the lands claimed by them beyond 
certain boundaries, to be erected at proper 
times into new states. This request was 
heeded by Congress, and in October, 1779, 
it requested Virginia and all other states 
similarly circumstanced to forbear settling- 
or issuing warrants for unappropriated 
lands, or granting the same during the 
continuance of the war. 

In October, 1780, Congress passed a 
resolution declaring that all unappropri- 
ated lands ceded or relinquished to the 
United States, should be disposed of for 
the common benefit of the United States, 
and be settled and formed into distinct 
republican states^ which should become 
members of the Federal Union. 

In pursuant of the recommendation, the 
following named states made cessions of 
territory to the Un:ted States on the dates 
respectively named : 

New York, March 1, 1781. 



PERIOD I v.- 1781 TO 1789. 45 

Virginia, March 1, 1784. 

Massachusetts, April 19, 1785. 

South Carolina, August 9, 1787. 

North Carolina, February 25, 1790. 

Georgia, April 24, 1802. 

When satisfactory legislation had been 
accomplished, Maryland ratified the Arti- 
cles of Confederation in 1781, which in- 
augurates the period under consideration. 

These articles provided for only one 
department in government, namely, legis- 
lative : they granted to Congress so little 
power that it existed as a government 
scarcely more than in name. 

The national debt was very heavy, but 
Congress could take no steps to pay it. 
The states paid little or no attention to 
Congress in its appeals, and an* attempt to 
levy a tax in New England led to open re- 
bellion, headed by one Daniel Shay (1786). 

All the territory lying north of the Ohio 
river was, in 1784, set apart and named the 
<< North West Territory." 

The present Tennessee and Kentucky 



46 AMERICAN HISTOBT. 

were called the " Territory of the United 
States south of the Ohio" (1Y90). 

Alabama and Mississippi were known 
for a time as the "South-west Territory." 

In 1787 a convention was called to amend 
the Articles of Confederation, that they 
might better the wants of the Kepublic; but 
after mature deliberation an entire new 
Constitution was drafted, which became 
binding upon those states so ratifying, 
when two-thirds of the whole number of 
states had so consented. North Carolina 
and Rhode Island did not ratify till after 
the Constitution went into effect, hence all 
laws heretofore passed were extended to 
them by special acts. 



SECTION IX. 

The Constitution was ratified by the 
several states as follows : 

Delaware, December 7, 1787. 

Pennsjlvania, December 12, 1787. 

New Jersey, December 18, 1787. 

Georgia, January 2, 1788. 

Connecticut, January 9, 1788. 

Massachusetts, February 6, 1788. 

Maryland, April 28, 1788. 

South Carolina, May 23, 1788. 

New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. 

Yirginia, June 26, 1788. 

New York, July 26, 1788. 

North Carolina, November 21, 1789. 

Ehode Island, May 29, 1790. 

Congress decided, on the 13th of Sep- 
tember, 1788, that the Constitution had 
been ratified by eleven states, and should 
go into operation March 4, 1789. 

^ On the first Wednesday in January, 

47 



48 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1789, the first presidential election was 
held ; and Monday, April G, 1789, the fol- 
lowing declaration was made by Congress: 

" Be it known, That the Senate and House of 
Representatives of the United States of America, 
being convened in the city and state of New York, 
the sixth day of April, in the year of our Lord, one 
thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine, the under- 
written, appointed President of the Senate, for the 
sole purpose of receiving, opening and counting the 
votes of the electors, did, in the presence of the said 
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the 
certificates and count all the votes of the electors 
for a President and a Vice President ; by which it 
appears that George Washington, Esq. , was unan- 
imously elected, agreeably to the constitution, to 
the office of the President of the United Staees of 
America. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my 
hand and seal. John Langdon. 

The following certificate of election was 
immediately forwarded to George Wash- 
ington : 

New York, April 6, 1789. 

Sir: — I have the honor to transmit to your Ex9el- 
lency the information of your unanimous election 
to the office of President of the United States of 
America. Suffer me, sir, to indulge the hope that 
so auspicious a mark of public confidence will meet 
your approbation and be considered as a sure pledge 
of the affection and support you are to expect from 
a free and enlightened people. 

I am, sir, with sentiments of respect, your obedi- 
ent humble servant. John Langdon. 

[To his Excellency, George Washington, Esq.] 



WASffJNQTOW INAUOURATBD. 49 

A quorum of Congress did not assemble 
until April 6, consequently no declaration 
of the election of President had been 
made, and the iirst inauguration took 
place in the city of New York, on the 30th 
day of April, 1789, the oath of office 
being administered by Chancellor Living- 
ston, of the State of New York, in the 
presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives. During the first forty-five 
years of our constitutional government, all 
the Presidents except two — John Adams 
and John Quincy Adams — were re elected; 
and during the last forty-five years, only 
two — Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. 
Grant — have been re-elected. 



SECTION X. 



Period V. — From 1789 to Present Time. 



FfRST Presidential Admin'istration. — 
1789 to 1797. 

George Washington, President ; John 
Adams, Yice-President. The leading 
events of this administration were the 
establishment of several executive depart- 
ments — War, State, Treasury, Post Mas- 
ter General's, and Attorney General's ; at a 
later date two others were created, namely, 
Navy and Interior. These seven officers 
are appointed by the President, and are 
called the President's Cabinet, i^ 

Alexander Hamilton, the greatest finan- 

■cier of this country, was, at the age of 

thirty-two, appointed Secretary of the 

Treasury. 

50' ' 



FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 51 

He made an elaborate report to Congress 
in regard to the public debt. 

1. At his suggestion, Congress, in 1790, 
decided to pay every dollar of the national 
debt. 

2. Also to assume the state debts 
contracted by the states in the prosecution 
of the late war. 

3. Also to impose an excise duty on 
distilled liquors. 

4. Also to establish a National Bank, 
1791, with a capital of $10,000,000. 

All of bis measures were approved by 
a majority of the people. 

In 1790 Philadelphia became the capital 
of the United States. Benjamin Franklin 
died the same year. 

^ In 1792 Washington was chosen as the 
capital of the Kepublic; and the same 
year Washington and Adams were re- 
elected President and Yice-President. ^ 

In 1793 the cotton-gin was invented by 
Eli Whitney. This invention gave a 
wonderful impetus to the raising of cotton, 
on account of the ease with which the 



m AMERICAN HISTORY. 

seeds could be separated from the cotton 
fibre. 

In 1794 a disturbance arose in Pennsyl- 
vania called the Whiskey Rebellion : it was 
an opposition to the collecting of the tajL 
on distilled liquors : it was soon quelled by 
the militia. 

In 1794 John Jay was appointed to ad- 
just all matters in dispute with Great 
Britain. 

1. Great Britain had, contrary to the 
treaty of 1783, held possession of mili- 
tary posts in the west belonging to the 
United States. These were given up in 
1796. 

2. British emissaries had excited the 
hostility of the Indians, and to retaliate 
on France the English had captured our 
neutral vessels and impressed our seamen. 

3. No indemnification had been -made 
for negroes carried away at the close of 
the Revolution by the English. 

Jay negotiated a treaty, which, though 
not entirely satisfactory, was, after a se- 
vere struggle, ratified by the Senate. 



FIEST ADMINISTRATION, 53 

In 1795 a treaty was concluded with 
Spain, by which the boundary lines be- 
tween her territories of Louisiana and 
the United States were defined. 

During this administration, three states 
— Vermont, 1791 ; Kentucky, 1792 ; and 
Tennessee, 1796 — were admitted into the 
Union. 

The number of states at the close of 
Washington's administration was sixteen. 



SECTION XI. 



Second PREsroENTiAL Administration. — 
1797 TO 1801. 

John Adams, President; Thomas, Jef- 
ferson, Vice President. — The internal 
affairs of the government were in a pros- 
perous condition. 

The foreign relations were not favorable, 
especially with France. 

An extra session of congress was called, 

1797, which appointed a delegation to go 
to France to adjust the difficulties ; but the 
French agents would not receive them 
until they should pay into their treasury a 
large sum of money. 

American vessels were captured by the 
French, and war seemed inevitable. 
^ War was finally declared, an army 
organized, and Washington appointed, 

1798, commander-in-chief. 
54 



SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 55 

A Navy Department was organized, 
1798 ; and after a desperate fight, the 
American frigate Constellation captured a 
large French frigate. Napoleon Bonaparte, 
as ruler of France, made a treaty of peace 
in 1800. 

Two unpopular laws, called the Alien 
and Sedition laws, were passed in 1798 and 
approved by Mr. Adams. 

The first authorized the President to 
expel from the country any alien (not a 
citizen) who should be suspected of con- 
spiring against the government. 

The second authorized the fining or 
imprisoning any person who published 
anything false or malicious against the 
President or Congress. ^ 
^ Washington died December 14, 1799. 
The seat of government was removed from 
Philadelphia to Washington in 1800. 

The erection of the capitol was com- 
menced in 1793. , 



SECTION XII. 

V 

Third Presidential ADMmisfBATioN. — 
1801 TO 1809. 

Thomas Jefferson, President ; Aaron 
Burr, Geo Clinton, Yice-Presidents. — 
Tripoli declared war against the United 
States, 1801, because the merchant vessels 
would not pay tribute. President Jefferson 
sent a naval force there in 1803, which 
brought the Tripoiitans to terms, and a 
treaty of peace was effected, 1805. 

A section of the country lying princi- 
pally west of the Mississippi river, including 
a small portion on the east of the river 
near its mouth, originally belonged to 
France and was called Louisiana. In 1763 
France ceded it to Spain ; in ISOO Spain 
ceded it back to France. 

The closing of the port of New Orleans 

in 1802, in violation of a former treaty, 
56 



'TSmD ADMINISTRATION. 57 

produced great excitement throughout the 
western settlements. 

The first proposition by Congress was 
to take forcible possession of the territory; 
bttt a better judgment prevailed, and 
negotiations were soon made for its pur- 
chase, which were consummated in 1803, 
thereby giving the United States the entire 
control of the Mississippi river. 

This territory extended, according to 
our best authorities, north to the British 
possessions, and west to the Rocky moun- 
tains and Mexico. 

The price paid was $15,000,000^ and 
includes the following named states and 
territories : Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri^ 
Iowa, Minnesota, E'ebraska, Kansas, a part 
of Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, Dakota, 
and Indian Territory, containing more than 
a million of square miles. 

Alexander Hamilton was killed by Aaron 
Burr in a duel growing out of a political 
dispute. 

^ Burr was arrested and tried in 1806 for 
a treasonable attempt to separa^te the coun- 



58 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

try west of the Alleghanies from the 
Union ; but from lack of proof he was set at 
liberty. \/ 

War existed between England and 
France,the United States remaining neutral, 
England declared the ports of Europe in a 
state of blockade. France retaliated by 
declaring the blockade of the British 
Islands. 

American vessels attempting to carry on 
a trade with these foreign ports were cap- 
tured either by the English or French. 
More than this. Great Britain claimed 
that a British subject could never be- 
come a citizen of any other nation, 
assuming the right to board American ves- 
sels, seize American seamen on the plea 
that they were deserters from British serv- 
ice. 

The British government in 1806 issued 
its famous " Orders in Council," prohibit- 
ing all neutral nations from trading with 
France except upon paying tribute to Eng- 
land. 

Napoleon's " Milan Dem^ee^^^ 1806, de- 



THIBD ADMINISTRATION. 59 

clared all vessels confiscated that had sub- 
mitted to search by an English ship, or 
had paid a tribute. 

Congress decreed in 1807 an ^^ Em- 
hargo^'' by which all American vessels and 
sailors were called home, and foreign ves- 
sels were prohibited from taking cargoes 
from our ports. In 1807 Robert Fulton 
made his first voyage from New York to 
Albany with his steamboat. 

The slave trade with foreign countries 
was abolished in 1808, the Constitution 
prohibiting its abolition prior to that time. 

Ohio was admitted as a state in 1802. 
There were seventeen states at the close of 
Jefi^rson^s administration. 



SECTIO]^ XIII. 



FouBTH Presidential Administration, — 
1809 TO 181Y. 

James Madison, President; George Clin- 
ton and Elbridge Gerry, Yice-Presidents. 
In the eleventh Congress Mr. Madison had 
a majority of his political friends. vThe 
duration of each Congress is two years» • 
The fii-fet. session in this year (1882) will 
be the first session of the forty-seventh 
Congress. England and France continued 
to prey upon American commerce. 

The English, in 1811, sent armed ships 
into American waters, seizing American 
merchant vessels as prizes. 

The navy of Great Britain consisted ot 
almost nine hundred vessels, manned by 
one hundred and forty-four thousand men, 
but greatly scattered to protect her intier- 
ests in various parts of the globe. 

The American vessels of war of large 

size numbered only twelve, carrying about 

three hundred a:un8. 
60 



FOUBTH ADMINISTRATION. 61 

MadiBon, by the authority of Congress, 
issued a proclamation in 1812 formallj 
declaring war against Great Britain. j,-- 

During the preceding year (1811), Brit- 
ish emissaries instigated the Indians to 
make war upon the settlers. 

The battle of Tippecanoe wa& fought at 
this time, General Harrison being com- 
mander of the United States forces. 

The naval and land engagements were 
fought with desperate will. 

Commodore Perry, after capturing all 
the British squadron on Lake Erie, (six 
vessels) in 1813, sent this famous message 
to General Harrison — " We have met the 
enemy and they are oursP 

It was on the frigate Chesapeake^ near 
Boston Harbor, that Lawrence was mor- 
tally wounded ; and, while being carried 
below, uttered these brave words, " DonH 
give up the ship?' 
^' Francis Scott Key, a prisoner on board 
of one of the British vessels while it was 
bombarding Fort McHenry, at the entrance 
to Baltimore, in 1814, wrote the popular 



62 AMERICAN BISTORT. 

national lyric entitled the '' Star Spangled 
Banner." The grandness of the scene no 
doubt gave him the inspiration in its full- 
est sense. '^ 

Treaty of peace between the United 
States and great Britain was made at 
Ghent, December 24, 1814, immediately 
followed by the battle of New Orleans, 
January 8, 1815. On February 17, 1815, 
the United States ratified the treaty, fol- 
lowed the next day by a proclamation of 

PEACE. 

The Alirerines renewed their depreda- 
tions on American commerce. Decatur 
was sent with a squadron in 1815 ; cap- 
turing two vessels, he sailed into the bay 
of Algiers and demanded an instant re- 
lease of all American prisoners and full 
indemnification for all property destroyed. 
A treaty to that eifect was signed, to take 
effect in two days. 

Louisiana was admitted as a state in 
1812, and Indiana in 1816. There were 
nineteen states at the close of Madison's 
administration. 



SECTION XIT. 

/' 

/ 

Fifth Presidential Administration. — 
1817 TO 1825. 

James Monroe, President ; Daniel D. 
Tompkins, Yice-P resident. 

The leading statesmen of both parties 
devoted their energies to the payment of 
the national debt. Slave dealing and pi- 
Tatical establishments existed on Amelia 
Island, off the coast of Florida, and at 
Galveston, Texas, which were broken up 
by the United States in 1817. 

Seminole Indians, in Georgia and Ala- 
bama, joined by the Creeks and some ne- 
groes, committed depredations which were 
soon quelled by General Jackson. Among 
the great internal improvements was the 
commencement of the Erie and Cham 
plain canals by the state of New York. 
63 



64 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

The Erie cost $8,000,000. The first boat 
sailed on it Jrom Rome to Utica, October, 
1819,carrying Governor Clinton, Chancellor 
Livingston, General Yan Rensselaer, and 
other distingujished citizens who had been 
instrumental in its building. 

It was finished in 1825, and the first 
flotilla of canal boats left Buff'alo October 
26. It arrived at New York November 
4, and was received by a large concourse 
of people, which proceeded to a place near 
Sandy Hook, where Governor Clinton 
poured into the briny deep a keg of fresh 
water brought from Lake Erie, thus sig- 
nalizing the marriage of the inland seas 
with the Atlantic ocean. 

It was enlarged and completed in 1862 
at an additional expense of $32,000,000 ; 
total cost, $40,000,000. 

In 1819 Florida was ceded by Spain 
to the United States, on payment of 
$5,000,000, giving to the United States an 
extended gulf coast. 

In 1820 the Missouri Co'/njpromise was 



FIFTH ADMINISTRATION. 65 

adopted by Congress. Its provisions were : 

1. The admission of Missouri as a slave- 
holding state. 

2. The division of the rest of the Louisi- 
ana purchase by the parallel of thirty-six 
degrees and thirty minutes. 

3. The prohibition of slavery north of 
that parallel. 

4. The admission of new states south of 
that line witk or without slavery, as the 
people might determine. 

In 1822 the United States recognized 
the independence of certain South Ameri- 
can republics. 

y A doctrine proclaimed by the President 
and known as the Monroe Doctrine^ was 
this : " That the American Continents are 
not subject to colonization hj any European 
jpowery 

General La Fayette visited this country 
in 1824, and remained till 1825. 

During this administration, the following 
states were admitted: Mississippi, 1817; 



66 AMERICAN HISTORY, 

Illinois, 1818; Alabama, 1819; Maine, 
1820; Missouri, 1821. 

There were twenty-four states at the 
close of this administration. 

King George III. died during this ad- 
ihinistration (1820), having reigned sixty 
years, and was succeeded the same year 
by George lY. 



SECTION XV. 



Sixth Presidential Admin istkation. — 
1825 TO 1829. 

John Quincy Adams, President; John 
C. Calhoun, Vice-President. 

There bein^ no election of president by 
the people, it devolved upon the House of 
Representatives to choose a president from 
the three highest on the list which had 
been voted for by the electors for president, 
which three were Andrew Jackson, John 
Quincy Adams, and William H. Crawford. 

Twenty-four tellers (one from each state) 
were appointed, and the result declared as 
follows : 

Thirteen states for John Quincy Adams, 
seven states for Andrew Jackson, and four 
states for William H. Crawford. John Q. 
Adams was declared elected. 

Twenty -four years had intervened since 
67 



68 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

the father, John Adams, left the place now 
filled by the son. '^ 

The removal of the Creeks and « Chero- 
kees beyond the Mississippi to a rich wil- 
■derness, was gradually accomplished. 
^ On the fiftieth anniversary of the Dec- 
laration of Independence (July 4, 1826) 
two distinguished ex-presidents, Thomas 
Jefferson and John Adams, died almost at 
the same hour. 

The leading event of this administra- 
tion was the determination to protect home 
manufactures ; consequently in 1828 a tar- 
iff, imposing heavy duties on foreign man- 
ufactures, was enacted by Congress. 

Northern manufacturers endorsed it. 

The cotton-growing states disliked it 
because they found in England a ready 
market for their raw cotton. 

Protection to northern manufacturers 
implied small sales of cotton in England, 
hence sectional feeling was engendered. 

When this administration closed, the 
country was at peace with the world, and 
the national debt nearly paid„ 



SECTION XVI, 



Seventh Presidential Administration, — 
1829 TO 1837. 

Andrew Jackson, President ; John C. 
•Calhoun and Martin Van Bttren, Yice- 
Presidents. 

The balance of the national debt was 
paid /during Jackson's administration. 

In his first annual message he opposed 
re -chartering the United States bank. 
Congress passed a bill, in 1832, to re-charter 
it, but President Jackson promptly ve- 
toed it, the old charter expiring by limita- 
tion in 1836. 
)( \ Yice-President Calhoun resigned his of- 
fice in December, 1832, and was immedi- 
ately elected to the Senate. This is the 
only instance of a Yice-President resigning 
his oflice. 



70 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

The President recommended the with- 
drawal of the public funds ($10,000,000) 
from the bank's custody, because he did 
not consider it a safe depository. 

Congress refused to authorize the re- 
moval ; and the President, on his own 
responsibility, directed the Secretary of 
the Treasury to withdraw all deposits and 
place them in certain state banks. 

The Secretary refused ; he was removed, 
and Mr. Taney appointed in his place, who 
complied with the order. A portion of 
this surplus fund (upwards of $3,000,000) 
was accepted by the state of New York in 
1838, and is known as the United States 
Deposit Fund : additions have been made 
to it from time to time until it amounts 
to $4,014,620, the interest of which ($165- 
000) is paid annually for the support of the 
public schools. 

During this administration, France paid 
$5,000,000 as indemnification for French 
spoliations on American commerce, under 
the operations of several decrees of Napo- 
leon, from 1806 to 1811. Opposition ta 



SEVENTH ADMINISTRATION. 11 

the protective tariff of 1828 resulted in the 
^^Nullification Trouhles^'^ in South Caro- 
lina, in 1833. 

President Jackson immediately issued 
a proclamation that the United States 
Laws would he enforced at alt hazards. 
It had its desired effect. The famous 
Webster-Hayne debate took place in 1830, 
the former opposing^ the latter sustaining 
' Nullification.' 

Henry Clay's tariff compromise was 
passed by Congress in 1833; the follow- 
ing were its leading features : 

First. — Submission to the necessity of a 
gradual reduction of the tariff. 

Second, — To have the change effected so 
slowly and gradually that the manufac- 
turers might adapt themselves to it, and bear 
up against it. 

In 1832 the Indians in the north-west 
became troublesome, and the result was a 
war, in which Black Hawk, the chief, was 
captured. This is known as the Black 
Hawk war. 

In 1835 the Seminoles in Florida, under 



72 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Osceola, their chief, carried on a trouble- 
some war, refusing to comply with the 
terms of the treaty made by a few of their 
chiefs in regard to their emigrating west of 
the Mississippi river. 

Arkansas was admitted as a state in 
1836, and Michigan in 1837. 

There were twenty- six states at the close 
of Jackson's administration. 

George lY. died during this administra- 
tion (1830), having reigned ten years, and 
was succeeded the same year by William 
lY. 



SECTION xvn. 



/ 



Eighth Presidp:ntial Administration. — 
1837 TO 1841. 

Martin Yan Buren, President ; Richard 
M. Johnson, Vice-President. 

There being no election of Yice-Presi- 
dent bj the electors, Richard M. Johnson 
was elected by the Senate, as provided by 
the Constitution. 

An unprecedented crisis was approach- 
ing. Commerce and manufactures were 
prostrate. Hundreds of wealthy mercan- 
tile houses in every quarter were bankrupt; 
and in two months from the inauguration 
the crash was consummated by the uni- 
versal suspension of specie payments by 
the banks. 

An insurrectionary movement in Canada 
in 1837, having found sympathizers within 



74 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

our borders, the President issued proclama- 
tions enjoining upon all persons to refrain 
from violating the laws and treaties of thi& 
country. 

Some were unwilling to do so, thereby 
forfeiting their liberty or their lives. 

The Seminole war in Florida continued 
into this administration. 

The great leading measure of this term 
was the passage, June 30, 1840, of the 
" Sub-Treasury Bill," or, as it is sometimes 
called, the "Independent Treasury." 

There was to be a Sub-Treasury at 
Washington, with branch offices in various 
cities. 

Gold and silver were to be paid and re- 
ceived in all public transactions. 

The entire population at the close of this 
administration was seventeen millions. 

William lY. died during this adminis- 
tration (1837), having reigned seven years. 

Queen Victoria began to reign June 20, 
1837, and is now (1882) on the throne. 



SECTION XVIII. 



/ 



Ninth Presidential Administration. — 
1841 to 1845. 



William H. Harrison, PresidoDt ; John 
Tyler, Yice-President. 

President Harrison died April 4, 1841 ; 
Yice-President Tyler, on the Tth of April, 
took the presidential oath of office. Pres- 
ident Harrison's cabinet officers were re- 
quested to remain, and did so until the 
veto of the " United States or Fiscal Bank 
Bill," whereupon all resigned except the 
Secretary of State, Daniel Webster ; the re- 
signing members published reasons for 
this step. 

Mr. Webster remained in the cabinet 
until the dispute in regard to the 
Nmthemtern houndary (Maine and Can- 
ada) was settled,and the treaty ratified (Au- 
gust, 1842), when he resigned. This is 
75 



76 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

known as the Wehster-Ashhrn'tori Treaty. 

The Dorr Rebellion in 1842, was the 
third instance of resistance to Federal 
authority. 

Among the prominent measures of this 
administration were — 

1. The act establishing a uniform sys- 
tem of proceedings in bankruptcy, in 1841. 

2. K protective tariff law, in 1842. 

3. The act for the annexation of Texas, 
which was signed by the President, March 
1, 1845. 

4. Florida was admitted as a State, 
March 3, 1845, making twenty-seven States 
at the close of President Tyler's adminis- 
tration. 



SECTION XIX. 

Tenth Presidential Administration. — 
1845 to 1849. 

James K. Polk, President ; Geokge M. 
Dallas, Vice-President. 

On the 4th of July, 1845, Texas formally 
approved of the measure of annexation, 
and that Republic became a State of the 
Unionr 

Mexico had never acknowledged the in- 
dependence of Texas; and, as had been 
predicted, a war was the result. 

The war with Mexico was the great event 
of this administration. 

The first blood was shed on the Texas 
bank of the Rio Grande, the 24th of April, 
1846. On the 14th of September, 1847, 
General Scott entered the Mexican Capi- 
tal as conqueror, which virtually closed 

the war. 

77 



78 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

A treaty of peace was concluded be- 
tween the two governments, February 2, 
1848. California and New Mexico were 
acquired, for which the United States paid 
$15,000,000, and assumed $3,000,000 more, 
due from Mexico to American citizens. 

Peace was proclaimed by the President, 
July 4, 1848. 

During 1846 the following named bat- 
tles were fought : Palo Alto, Resaca de la 
Palma, Monterey, Bracito. 

In 1847 Buena Yista, Sacramento, Vera 
Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, 
Molino del Rey, Chapultapec, Huamantla. 
The American commanders were Generals 
Taylor, Scott, Worth, Doniphan, and 
Lane. 

In 1848 gold was discovered in Califor- 
nia, and in the beginning of 1849 thou- 
sands of people were on their way to the 
land of gold. 

There were three routes of travel, — 
around Cape Horn, across the Isthmus of 
Panama, and over the great central plains 
of the Continent. 



TENTH ADMINISTRATION. 79 

The Oregon Northern boundary was in 
dispute ; the line was chiimed on 54° 40', 
but President Polk after a negotiation di- 
rected the Secretary of State to offer as a 
boundary the parallel of 49°, which was 
accepted by Great Britain, 1845. 

The low tariff of 1846 superseded the 
protective tariff of 1842. 

The cabinet office, " Secretary of the In- 
terior," was created. Texas was admitted 
July 4, 1845 ; Iowa, 1846 ; and Wiscon- 
sin,' 1848. 

There- were thirty States at the close of 
this administration, with a population of 
twenty-three millions. 



i 



SECTION XX. 



Eleventh Presidential Administration.— 
1849 to 1853. 

Zachary Taylor, President ; Millard 
Fillmore, Yiee-President. 

President Taylor died July 9, 1850. 
Vice-President Fillmore succeeded to the 
Presidency. This was the second time in 
the history of the United States in which 
the Yice-President had succeeded to the 
Presidency. The 4th of March, 1849, oc- 
curring on Sunday, the President took the 
oath of office on Saturday, the 3d of 
March, and was regularly inaugurated on 
the 5th of March. * 

The great event of this administration 

was the admission of California as a State. 

Of the thirty States, fifteen held slaves and 
80 ^ 



ELEVENTH ADMINISTBATION. 81 

fifteen did not hold slaves ; hence, a con- 
test arose in regard to its being a free or 
slave State. ' In February, 1850, her Rep- 
resentatives asked Congress to admit her as 
a State of the Union, under a constitu- 
tion which prohibited slavery forever. 
Henry Clay, on the 9th of May, 1850, in- 
troduced a compromise (the omnibus bill) 
with the following provision, the others 
being found in the treaty under its proper 
head ; 

1. The admission of California as a free 
State. 

The compromise of Mr. Clay was adopted 
in instalments, and received the sanction 
of President Fillmore. 

General Lopez organized an expedition 
in the south, and attempted to conquer 
Cuba : there was no uprising in his favor. 
The next year he made another attempt, 
but was defeated, and he and the ringlead- 
ers were executed at Havana. 

During this administration, the following 
prominent statesmen died : John C. Cal- 
houn, March, 1850 ; Zachary Taylor, July, 



82 AMERICAN HISTORY 

1850; Henry Clay, June, 1852; Daniel 
Webster, October, 1852. / 

There were thirty-one states at the close 
of this administration. 



SECTION XXI. 



V 



Twelfth Presidential Administration. — 
1853 TO 1857. 

Franklin Fierce, President ; William 
R. King, Yice-President. / 

Among the important events of this 
administration were the settlement of the 
dispute about the territory contiguous to 
Mexico, which resulted in the Gadsden 
Purchase, (named for our minister in 
Mexico), by which we obtained a large 
part of the present territory of Arizona ; 
this occurred in 1853, and $10,000,000 
was the price paid : the exploration of the 
routes lor a proposed railroad from the 
Mississippi to the Pacific : the amicable 
settlement of the serious dispute with 
Great Britain about the fisheries : the com- 
mercial treaty with Japan in 1863 — the 
88 



84 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

first of the kind in the history of that 
country, negotiated by Commodore Perry. 

In 1854 the bill creating the territories 
of Kansas and ^Nebraska, was introduced 
and passed, which provided that people 
should have the right to determine whether 
they would have slavery or not ; these ter- 
ritories lay north of the line established by 
the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The 
passage of this bill virtually repealed the 
Missouri Compromise, and brought into 
existence a political party that, in six years 
(1860) from that time, succeeded at the 
presidential election. 

No states admitted during this adminis- 
tration. 

^ Yice-P resident King died in office, 
April 18, 1853. ^ 



SECTION XXII, 



Thirteenth Pjresidential Administration. 
1857 TO 1861. 

James Buchanan, President ; John C. 
Breckinridge, Vice-President. 

Shortly after Mr. Buchanan's official 
term commenced, a rebellion in Utah broke 
out, in which the Mormons resisted the 
national government, treated loyal people 
as enemies, and formed an alliance with 
the Indians. 

Colonel Thomas L. Kane, who had 
greatly befriended the Mormons in time 
of a famine, was sent to them by the Pres- 
ident, to endeavor to bring them to a 
peaceful submission to the laws ; and after- 
ward two citizens were appointed as peace- 
commissioners to accompany the army. 
This proved successful, and the rebellion 

ended. 
85 



86 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Id October, 1859, John Brown, from 
Kansas, (formerly of New York), made an 
extraordinary raid into Virginia, for the 
ostensible purpose of setting the slaves 
free* His force numbered 22 persons, of 
whom 17 were negroes. 

He took possession of the United States 
Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, held it tor a 
time, but was finally overpowered, taken 
prisoner, and executed for treason Decem- 
ber 2. 

The following named states passed ordi- 
nances of secession : 

South Carolina, Deceoaber 20, 1860. 

Mississippi, January 9, 1861. 

Florida, January 10, 1861. 

Alabama, January 11, 1861. 

Georgia, January 19, 1861. 

Louisiana, January 26, 1861. 

Texas, February 1, 1861. 

These states, with the exception of 
Texas, early in 1861, organized the govern- 
ment of the " Confederate States of 
America." JeflPerson Davis was chosen 



THIRTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 87 

President, and Alexander H. Stephens, 
Vice-President. 

The first aggressive act was the firing, 
by the Confederates, upon a steamer, "Star 
of the West,'^ sent by the government 
with supplies lor the soldiers at Fort 
Sumpter. 

In 1858 the first Telegraphic Cable was 
laid across the Atlantic, connecting New 
Foundland, at Trinity Bay, with Ireland, 
at Yalentia Bay. Cyrus W. Field, of New 
York, was the great master spirit in the 
work. 

Minnesota was admitted as a state in 
1858. 

Oregon was admitted as a state in 1859. 

At the close of this administration there 
were thirty-three states. 



SECTION XXIII. 



Fourteenth Presidential Administration. 
1861 to 1865. 

Abraham Lincoln, President ; Hanni- 
bal Hamlin, Yice-President. 

The cabinet as first formed was as fol- 
lows: William H. Seward, Secretary of 
State ; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the 
Treasurj^ ; Simon Cameron, Secretary of 
War; Gideon Wells, Secretary of the 
Navy ; Caleb Smith, Secretary of the In- 
terior ; Montgomery Blair, Postmaster- 
General; Edward Bates, Attorney-Gen- 
eral. 

1861. 

The leading events of the year were as 
follows : 

April 12, Fort Sumpter was bombarded 



FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 89 

by the Confederates under General Beau- 
regard. 

April 14, Colonel Anderson capitulated 
and with his command sailed for New 
York. 

April 15, 75,000 troops were called for 
bj the President ; the call was immedi- 
ately responded to by the Free State^. 

April 19, (the anniversary of the battle 
of Lexington), a Massachusetts regiment 
was attacked by a mob in the streets of 
Baltimore, in which two soldiers were 
killed and a number wounded. 

The same day the President proclaimed 
a blockade of the ports in all the seceding 
States. 

May 3,* the President called for 42,000 
three years' volunteers, and ordered 22,114 
officers and men to the regular army, and 
18,000 seamen for the navy ; total, 82,114. 

The following additional States seceded : 

Virginia, April 17. 

Arkansas, May 6. 

North Carolina, May 20. 

Tennessee, June 8. 



OtO AMERICAN EI8T0RT. 

An extra session of Congress (called 
April 15) assembled July 4, which author- 
ized the raising of 500,000 men, and ap- 
propriated $500,000,000 to defray the ex- 
penses of the war. 

July 21, the battle of Bull Eun was 
fought ; Union forces killed and wounded, 
1,498; Confederates killed ^nd wounded, 
1,593. This battle was preceded by bat- 
tles at Philippi, Big Bethel, E-omney, Eich 
Mountain, Centre ville, (all in Virginia), 
and Carthage, in Missouri. 

July 22, General McClellan assumed 
command of the army of Virginia and on 
the Potomac. 

The following battles occurred soon after 
the Bull Eun disaster: Dug Spring, 
Athens and Wilson's Creek, Missouri. 
General Lyon was killed at Wilson's Creek. 

Forts Hatteras and Clark, N. C, were 
captured. 

Battles of Lexington and Martinsburg 
followed. 

November 1, General Scott resigned the 
command of the army, and General Mc- 



FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 91 

Clellan was appointed General-in-Chief of 
the armies of the United States. 

The Contederates sent Messrs. Mason 
and Slide] 1 Commissioners to Europe. 
They sailed from Havana in the English 
mail steamer, Trent ; They were captured 
November 7, by Captain Wilkes of the 
frigate San Jacinto^ in the Bahama Chan- 
nel, and brought to the United States, 
but were soon released and went to 
Europe. 

1862. 

The leading events were the battle at 
Mill Spring, Kentucky, January 8 ; and 
the capture of Fort Donelson, Tennessee, 
February 16, when General Grant said, 
*''No terms, other than an unconditional 
and immediate surrender, can be accepted." 

First appearance of the Monitor^ March 
9 : victory over the Virginia^ formerly 
the Meri'imaG. 

Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee, April 6, 7. 

Capture of Island Number 10, Missis- 
sippi river, April 7. 

New Orleans captured, April 25, by 



92 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Admiral Farragat, and occupied by Gen- 
eral B. F. Butler and army, April 28. 

IN'orfolk, Virginia, captured May 9, and 
Natchez, May 12. 

Battle of Fair Oaks, Virginia, May 31, 
June 1. 

Memphis,Tennessee, surrendered June 6. 

Seven-days-battles, Virginia, June 25 to 
July 1 ; Malvern Hill being the last, Gen- 
erals Lee and McClellan commanding. 

The President called for 300,000 soldiers, 
July 1. 

Surrender of Harper's Ferry to the 
Confederates, September 15. 

Battle of Antietam, Maryland, Septem- 
ber 17 ; followed immediately by the pre- 
liminary emancipation proclamation. 

Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, De- 
cember 13. 

Battle of Murfreesborough, Tennessee, 
December 29 to January 4. 

1863. 

The President's emancipation procla- 
mation, January 1., 



FOURTEENIH ADMINISTRATION. 93 

Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2-3. 

General Grant's six battles in Missis- 
sippi, May 1-17. 

General Lee invaded Maryland in June. 

West Virginia admitted as a state, June 
20. 

The President called for 100,000 soldiers 
in June- 
Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 
July 1-3. 

Surrender of Yicksburg, July 4, 

Capture of Port Hudson, July 9, when 
the Mississippi was opened to the Gulf of 
Mexico. 

Great draft riot in New York, July 13- 
16. 

Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, Sep- 
tember 19. 

The President called, October 16, for 
300,000 soldiers. 

Battle of Chattanooga, Georgia, Novem- 
ber 23, 

The iSational Cemetery at Gettysburg, 
Pennsylvania, was dedicated November 19. 
President Lincoln made a brief address 



U AMEBIC AJ^ HISTOBT. 

which is, perhaps, the finest ever delivered 
on a similar occasion, and has become fa- 
miliar to the entire English reading world. 
An act establishing a National currency 
passed. 

1864. 

The President called for 200,000 soldiers, 
March 15. 

Congress passed a bill reviving the grade 
of Lieutenant General, and March 9, the 
President commissioned General Grant to 
that position. As the General was about 
to launch out on his spring campaign, the 
President wrote him, April 30, as follows : 

'' Not expecting to see you before the spring cam- 
paign opens, I wish to express in this way my entire 
satisfaction with what you have done up to this 
time, so far as I understand it. 

The particulars of your plans I neither know nor 
seek to know. You are vigilant and self-reliant; 
and, pleased with this, I wish not to obtrude any 
restraints or constraints upon you. If there be any- 
thing wanting, which is in my power to give, do not 
fail to let me know it." 

The battles in the wilderness were May 
5, 6, 7, in which it was said, " The dead 
lay thickly strewn around among the trees: 



FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 95 

the wilderness lay throbbing with the 
wounded." 

Battle of Spottsylvania, May 10. Gen- 
eral Grant informed the Secretary of War 
from this place that, " I intend to fight it 
out on this line if it takes all summer." 

The fugitive slave law was repealed in 
June. 

June 19, Captain Winslow attacked and 
sunk the privateer Alabama^ commanded 
by Captain Semraes, off the coast of 
France. Semmes and forty of his crew 
were taken out ot the water by a British 
yacht, which, instead of delivering the 
rescued men to the United States authori- 
ties, steamed off to the English shore and 
landed them there. 

Early's raid down the Shenandoah across 
the Potomac, July 9, threatened "Washing- 
ton. 

In July there was a call for 500,000 
soldiers. 

Sheridan attacked and routed Early at 
Winchester, September 19, and three days 
after met and routed him again. In a 



96 AMERICAN BISTOBY. 

week he had destroyed or captured one- 
half of Early's army, and had di'iven the 
rest southward. For this victory, Sheri- 
dan received the thanks of Congress. 

General Slierman organized at Chatta- 
nooga an army of 100,000 men, fighting 
his way through to Atlanta, which place 
was evacuated September 1. " Atlanta is 
ours, and fairly w^on," telegraphed Sher- 
man. 

Leaving Atlanta the middle of Novem- 
ber, he pushed toward the sea, and, Decem- 
ber 21, obtained the surrender of Savannah, 
which he presented to the President as 
a Christmas gift. 

In December there was a call for 300,000 
soldiers. 

1865. 

Lincoln's second inauguration, March 4, 
1865. 

A general movement against Richmond, 
March 29. 

Sheridan's advance led to the battle of 
Five Forks and victory, April 1. Lincoln 
visited the army before Petersburg, March 



FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 97 

24, and remained with it until the fall of 
Richmond, which he entered April 4, ac- 
companied by his son, Admiral Porter, and 
a few sailors. 

Lee's army surrendered at Appomattox, 
April 9, and was paroled upon the fol- 
lowing conditions : *' That they shall not 
hereafter serve in the Confederate army, or 
in any military capacity against the United 
States, until properly exchanged in a man- 
ner approved of by proper authorities.'^ 
The number paroled was 27,805. 

General Lee retired to private life : his 
fortune had been almost entirely swept 
away during the war, and in October he 
accepted the Presidency of Washington 
College, at Lexington, Virginia, where in 
a short time the students numbered nearly 
500. 

April 11, President Lincoln, two days 
after Lee^s surrender, delivered a public 
address, in which he discussed the question 
of reconstruction. He was assassinated 
on the evening of Good Friday, April 14, 
and died the next morning, remaining un- 



^8 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

conscious from the time he was shot. 
J. Wilkes Booth, the assassin, fled, was pur- 
sued, and took refuge in a barn ; refusing 
to surrender, he was shot, dying soon after. 

Secretary Seward was attacked in his 
own house by an assassin and seriously 
wounded ; it became known that an elab- 
orate plot had been formed for murdering 
all the chief civil officers of the govern- 
ment. The conspiracy was participated 
in to a greater or less degree by at least 
nine persons, eight of whom were tried by 
a military commission, and four (including 
a woman) were executed ; three were sen- 
tenced to hard labor on the Dry Tort-ugas 
(a group of ten islets at the extremity of 
the Florida Keys) for life, and one for six 
years. Their names were O'Laughlin, 
Spangler, Arnold, and Mudd. O'Laugh- 
lin died there, the others were pardoned 
by the President. 

Kansas was admitted as a State in 1S61 ; 
West Yirginia, 1863; Nevada, 1864. 

There were thirty-six States at the time 
of President Lincoln's death 



^FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 99 

Andrew Johnson, inaugurated April 15, 
which was soon followed, April 25, by the 
surrender of Johnston's army. -- 

Jefferson Davis was captured May 10, 
incarcerated two years in Fortress Monroe, 
admitted to bail in 1867, finally discharged 
and included in the general amnesty in 
1868. 

May 29, the President issued an amnestj 
proclamation, excepting 14 classes, as fol- 
lows : 

First, all who are or shall have been pretended 
civil or diplomatic officers or otherwise domestic or 
foreign agents of the pretended Confederate govern- 
ment. 

Second, all who left judicial stations under the 
United Slates to aid the rebellion. 

Third, all who shall have been military or naval 
officers of said pretended Confederate government 
above the rank of colonel in the army or lieutenant 
in the navy. 

Fourth, all who left seats in the Congress of the 
United States to aid the rebellion. 

Fifth, all who resigned or tendered resignations 
of their commissions in the army or navy of the 
United States to evade duty in resisting the rebel- 
lion. 

Sixth, all who have engaged in any way in treat- 
ing otherwise than lawfully as prisoners of war per- 



100 AMERICAN BISTORT. 

sons found in the United States service, as officers, 
soldiers, seamen, or in otlier capacities. 

Seventli, all persons who have been, or are absen- 
tees from the United States for the purpose of aid- 
ing the rebellion. * 

Eighth, all military and naval officers in the 
rebel service, who were educated by the government 
in the Military Academy at West Point or the 
United States Naval Academy. 

Ninth, all persons who held the pretended offices 
of Governors of States in insurrection against the 
United States. 

Tenth, all persons who left their homes within 
the jurisdiction and protection of the United States, 
and passed beyond the Federal military lines into 
the pretended Confederate States for the purpose of 
aiding the rebellion. 

Eleventh, all persons who have l)een engaged in 
the destruction of the commerce of tlie United States 
upon the high seas, and all persons who have made 
raids into the United States from Canada, or been* 
engaged in destroying the commerce of the United 
States upon the lakes and rivers that separate the 
British Provinces from the United States. 

Twelfth, all persons who, at the time when they 
seek to obtain the benefits hereof by taking the oath 
herein prescribed, are in military, naval, or civil 
confinement, or custody, or under bonds of the civil, 
military, or naval authorities, or agents of the 
United States, as prisoners of war, or persons de- 
tained for offences of any kind, either before or 
after conviction. 



FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATIOK 101 

Thirteenth, all persons who have voluntarily par- 
ticipated in said rebellion, and the estimated value 
of whose taxable property is over twenty thousand 
dollars. 

Fourteenth, all persons who have taken the oath 
of amnesty as prescribed in the President's procla- 
mation of December 8th, A. D. 1863, or an oath of 
allegiance to the government of the United States 
since the date of said proclamation, and who have 
not thenceforward kept and maintained the same 
inviolate. 

This was succeeded by other proclama- 
tions, as follows : September 7, 1867, 
Julj 4, 1868, and December 25, 1868 ; in 
the last of which the President said, " I do 
herebj^ proclaim and declare, uncondition- 
ally^ and without reservation, to all and to 
every person who directly and indirectly 
participated in the late insurrection or re- 
bellion, a full pardon and amnesty for the 
offence of treason against the United 
States." 

June 23, the President proclaimed the 
blockade removed from all the ports in the 
Southern States. 

. August 29, a proclamation annulling all 
restrictions upon trade with them. 



102 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

December 18, the Secretary of State de- 
clared the thirteenth amendment to the 
Constitution ratified, which declared that 
Blaverj shall not exist in the United States. 

1866. 

April 2, the insurrection was proclaimed 
at an end in all the States except Texas. 
The same was made applicable to Texas 
August 20. 

April 9, the '^ Civil Rights Bil'l " was 
passed by Congress, over the President's 
veto. 

It declared '^ That all persons born in 
the United States, and not subject to any 
foreign power, excluding Indians not 
taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens 
of the 'United States, entitled to inherit, 
purchase, lease, sell, and convey real estate 
and personal property, and that all are 
equal before the law." 

The extension of the " Freedmen's Bu- 
reau " for the better care of the freedmen, 
and the restoration of industry and educa- 
tion in the region devastated by war was 



FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 103 

passed over the President's veto, April 10. 
Aiiojust 28, the corner stone for the 
monument of Stephen A. Douglas was 
laid. The President of the United States 
and some members of the cabinet were 
present. 

1867. 

March 2, " Tenure of office-bill " passed 
over President's veto, which deprived the 
President from removing officers without 
the consent of the Senate. 

The congressional plan of reconstruc- 
tion was developed in the act of March 2, 
supplementary acts of March 23 and July 
19, each of which was passed over the 
President's veto. The states from Vir- 
ginia around to Arkansas were divided 
into five military districts, each having a 
military officer not below the rank of Brig- 
adier General. 

August 12, Secretary Stanton was sus- 
pended by the President, and General 
Grant appointed adinterim. 

When Congress assembled in December, 



104 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

it refused to accept the reasons for his 
removal ; and Secretary Stanton resumed 
his place as Secretary of War. 

1868. 

February 21, Secretary Stanton was 
again removed, and General Lorenzo 
Thomas appointed Secretary of War. 

The articles of impeachment of the Pres- 
ident of the United States were agreed to 
by the House of Representatives, March 
3, and were presented to the Senate March 
5, and contained eleven charges. 

The Senate, as a '' Court of Impeach- 
ment," commenced voting on the charges, 
against the President, May 16, and closed 
May 26 ; three counts were voted upon 
and the result each time was as follows : 
Guilty, 35 ; not guilty, 19. 

Judgment of acquittal was then ren- 
dered, and the Senate sitting as a '* Court 
for the trial of Impeachment " was ad- 
journed without day. 

Secretary Stanton afterward resigned, 
and was succeeded by General Schofield. 



FOURTEENTH ADMINISTRATIOK 105 

July 28, the fourteenth amendment to 
the Constitution was declared ratified. 
' Election of General Grant to the Presi- 
dency in November. 

General amnesty proclaimed December 
25, granting full pardon to everybody that 
had participated in the rebellion. 

Nebraska admitted a State in 1867. 

The number of states at the close of 
Johnson's administration was thirty -seven. 



SECTION XXIV. 



Grouping. 

The following plan is given for studying 
the events of twelve years of American 
history, commencing wnth the Secession of 
South Carolina and extending through t\ni 
years of Rebellion and Reconstruction. 

Only one date for each year, as given in 
the following groups, is to be remembered 
at first, then the events preceding the one 
whose date is given, afterward the events 
that followed it. 

Slavery was the cause of the Rebellion, 
and since it was entirely eradicated by the 
war, therefore the two appropriate key- 
words suggesting the events of these years, 
are 

SLAVES FREED. 

The suggestive words, representing 
106 



THE REBELLION REVIEWED. 107 

events haviog dates given, are printed in 
capitals^ and the initial letters of these 
several words in regular succession will 
«pell the key -words, 

SLAVES FREED. 



First Group. 



1860. 
S — ECEssioN of South Carolina, Decem- 
ber 30. 



Second Group, 



1861. 
L — incoln's Inauguration, March 4, pre- 
ceded by the firing upon the steamship 
Star of the West; the secession of six states 
heretofore named. 



108 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Followed by the fall of Fort Sumpter ; 
a call for 75,000 soldiers ; another call for 
82,000, and another for 500,000 ; battle of 
Bull Run ; campaign in "West Yirginia ; 
the secession of four other states. 

Mason and Slidell go to Europe. 



Third Group. 



1862. 

A — NTiETAM, September 17, preceded by 
Donelson ; the wonderful advent of the 
steamer Monitor^ which destroyed the Mer- 
rimac ; and close upon that, the battle of 
Shiloh ; in a lew days New Orleans was 
captured, then Norfolk, Natches, and 
Memphis. 

Seven days' battle on the Peninsula of 
Yirginia ; call for 300,000 men ; a second 
call for 300,000 men. 

The battle of Antietam was followed by 



THE REBELLION BEVlByVED. 109 

the battles of Fredericksburg, Ya., and 
Murfreesborougb, Tenn. 



Fourth Group. 



1863. 
y — icKSBURG, July 4, preceded by the 
Emancipation Proclamation ; Ohancellors- 
ville, a call for 150,000 soldiers ; battle of 
Gettysburg; Yicksburg, followed by the 
capture of Port Hudson ; Great Riot in 
New York; battles of Chicamauga and 
Chattanooga ; consecration of a National 
Cemetery. 



Fifth Group. 



1864. ' 

E — arly's raid on Washington, July 9, 

preceded by the bloody battle of the 



110 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor ; 
Grant informed the Secretary ot War from 
this place that " I intend to fight it out on 
this line if it takes all summer." 

The raid followed by the battle of Win- 
chester, Sherman's march to Atlanta, and 
a little later to Savannah, the result of 
which was announced as follows : " I beg 
leave to present you, the President, a 
Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, with 
one hundred and fifty guns, plenty of am- 
munition, and also about twenty five thou- 
sand bales of cotton." 

Farragut's grand achievements with the 
Navy, 



Sixth Group. 



1S65. 
S — urrende:r of Lee^s army at Appo- 
mattox, April 9, preceded by the battle of 



THE REBELLTON REVIEVED. Ill 

Five Forks ; flight of the Oonfederate 
President, Cabinet, and Congress. 

Lincoln gave a reception to armv officers 
in the parlors just vacated by Jefferson 
Davis ; the surrender followed by the as- 
sassination of Lincoln just forty days from 
his second inauguration ; the wounding of 
William H. Seward ; the succession of 
Andrew Johnson to the presidency ; the 
surrender of Johnston's army ; capture of 
Jefferson Davis ; the close of the Civil 
War. 



Seventh Group 



1866. 

F — keedmen's Bureau bill vetoed by the 
President, and passed April 10 by Con- 
gress over his veto. 

It was preceded by the " Civil Right's 
bill," and proclamation of an end of the 
insurrection, followed by laying the corner 
stone of the Douglas' monument. 



113 AMERICAN HISTOIiY. 

Eighth Group. 



1867. 
R — EcoNSTRUCTiON and other acts pre- 
scribing the mode in which the Southern 
States might be admitted into the Union, 
passed March 23, preceded by the Tenure- 
of office bill ; suspension of the Secretary 
of War, Stanton, by the President ; his 
restoration by Congress, followed by the 
purchase of Alaska, a territory equal in 
size to twelve states like New York. Price 
paid. $7,200,000 in gold. 



Ninth Group. 



V 1868. 

E — LECTION of General Grant to the 
Presidency ; preceded by the attempt to 
impeach President Johnson ; followed by 
the general amnesty proclamation. 



THE REBELLION REVIEWED. US 
Tenth Group. 



1869. 
E — LECTivE Franchise extended to the 
negroes ; the last of the seceding states re- 
stored to representation in Congress, and 
thus the re-construction of the Union was 
fully accomplished. 



Eleventh Group. 



18Y0-1. 

D — ^EFEAT of the Annexation of San 
Domingo. The commissioners appointed 
by President Grant, consisting of Messrs. 
B. F. Wade, A. D. White, S. G. Howe, 
to investigate the matter, reported favor- 
ably, but the Senate withheld its approval 
of the treaties. 

A joint commission of five British and 
five American members met at Washing- 
ton, May 8, 1871, and signed a treaty on 
the subject of the coast fisheries, river nav- 
igation and the " Alabama claims." 



114 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

The last named questiort was submitted 
to a court of arbitr-ition, consisting of one 
from each of the following named coun- 
tries, viz : United States, Great Britain, 
Italy, Switzerland, and Brazil. 

The court convened at Geneva, Septem- 
ber 14, 1872. The decision was that the 
British government should pay the United 
States the sum ot $16,500,000 (called the 
■Geneva award) for damages to American 
<jommerce by Confederate cruisers fitted 
out in British ports. 

RECAPITULATION OF KEY WORDS. 
1860. S — EOESSION. 



1861. 


L- 


-incoln's Inauouration. 


1862. 


A- 


-NTIETAM. 


1863. 


V- 


-ICKSBURO. 


1864. 


E- 


-arly's Raid. 


1865. 


S- 


-URRENDER. 


1866; 


F- 


-reedmen's Bureau. 


1867. 


K- 


-ECONSTRUCTION. 


1868. 


E- 


-LECTION OF Gen. Grant. 


1869. 


E- 


-LECTivE Franchise. 


1870-1. 


D- 


-efeat OF Annexation. 



THE REBELLION REVIEWED. llS- 

Here is an illustration of the preceding 
work. 

Q. When did the battle of Gettysburg,, 
or the great riot in New York, or the cap- 
ture of Port Hudson, or the Emancipation 
proclamation, or the battle of Chattanooga 
take place ? 

A. Neither of these events is found 
among the Jcey-wordSy but they are all 
grouped with one, and that is, Yicksburg ;. 
the letter Y is the fourth one in the word 
Slaves, hence these events all happened 
in 1863. 

Master the Icey-vjords first and their 
respective dates, and there will be no dif- 
ficulty in a short time in placing all these 
groups in the years in which they belong. 

For the rainutia of these events, refer to 
the larger histories. 



SECTION XXV. 



Statistics op the Rebellion. 

The whole number of soldiers called for 
by the government was 2,759,049 ; number 
furnished was 2,666,999 (equivalent to 
2,135,000 for three years), of whom 186,097 
were colored men. 

The casualties in the army numbered 
280,739, viz : 5,221 officers and 90,868 men 
killed in action or died of wounds, and 
2,321 officers and 182,329 men died from 
disease or accident. 

These numbers do not include deaths 
after leaving the army from wounds or 
disease contracted in the service. 

The number of men who received the 
United States bounty ($100 to $400 each) 
was 1,722,690: amount paid, $300,223,500. 
116 



TEE REBELLION REVIEWED. 117 

The amount of bounties paid by states 
and local authorities, so far as returned, 
was $285,941,036. 

The government received $26,369,316 
<K)mmutation money. 

The names of the principal confederate 
cruisers fitted out in foreign countries 
were the Alabama^ Chicamauga^ Florida, 
Clustree, Shenandoah, Sumpter, Georgia, 
and Tallahassee. 

The Alabama, the terror of the ocean, 
was commanded by Eaphael Semmes, and 
was sunk by the United States steamer 
Kearsage,Q0Yiim.2i-ndLQdihy Captain Winslow. 
Its ravages were partially settled for in 
the Geneva award. 

The above statistics are from the report 
of the Provost-Marshal General. 

The national debt at the end of the war 
was $2,749,000,000, 



SECTION XXVI. 



FiFfEENTH Presidential Administration. 
1869 TO 1877. 

Ulysses S. Grant, President ; Schuyler 
Colfax and Henry Wilson, Yice-Presi- 
dents. v^/ 

The elective franchise embodied in the 
fifteenth amendment passed by Congress 
the 27th day of February, 1869. 

The ratification of the fifteenth amend- 
ment was declared March 30, 1870. 

The last of the seceding states, viz : 
Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia, were 
restored to representation in Congress and 
thus the reconstruction of the Union was 
complete. 

In 1871, President Grant urged the 
118 



FIFTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 119 

annexation of Santo Domingo as a terri- 
tory of the United States. 

A treaty to this effect, and also one by 
which the peninsula and bay of Samana 
were ceded to the United States for fifty 
years, at an annual rental of $150,000 in 
gold, had been signed by President Grant 
and President Baez, but was not ratified 
by the Senate. 

/ President Grant was re-elected in 1872, 
at which time the negroes voted under the 
fifteenth amendment. 

In 1874, the Modoc war broke out: it 
was finally quelled : four of the prominent 
warriors were captured, tried, and hung. 

In 1875, the Sioux war broke out : Gen- 
eral Custer was surprised and killed by 
the Indians the following year. 

The great centennial exhibition held in 
Philadelphia during the summer of 1876. 

Colorado, the thirty-eighth state, admit- 
ted, 1876, and may well be named the 
Centennial state. 

In the winter of 1876-7, a dispute 
arose in regard to the election of Presi- 



130 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

dent, both political parties claimiog the 
election. . 

Congress, after a severe struggle, passed 
a bill creating what was termed an " Electo- 
ral CommissioD," which consisted of five 
members from the House of Eepresenta- 
tives, five from the Senate, and five from 
the Supreme Court. 

By this law every decision of the Com- 
mission was to be final, unless both houses 
of Congress should concur in setting it 
aside. The members of the commission 
stood politically, eight E-epublicans and 
seven Democrats, and the voting upon 
most questions was eight to seven. Mr, 
Hayes was declared elected. 



SECTION XXVII. 



Sixteenth Presidential Administration. 
187T TO 1881. 

KuTHERFORD B. Hayes, President; Will- 
iam A. Wheeler, Yice-President. 

The fourth of March occurred on Sunday: 
the President took the oath of office on 
Saturday, and was formally inaugurated 
on Monday. 

In July, 1877, there were great riots 
among the employes on some of the rail- 
roads in Pennsylvania, New York, etc. 
They not only refused to work, but stopped 
trains, and tore up portions of the track : it 
was found necessary to call out the militia 
to put down the disturbance. It took 

about a month to settle the difficulty. 
121 



122 AMERICAN BISTORT. 

The commission appointed to settle the 
fishery dispute between Great Britain and 
the United States, met at Halifax, Nova 
Scotia, and on the 23d of November, 1877, 
two of the three commissioners signed the 
treaty providing that the United States 
pay to the English Government the sum ot 
$5,500,000 in gold. 

The English commissioners were Mau- 
rice Dellfosse and A. T. Galt. 

The United States commissioner, E. H. 
Kellogg, was of the opinion that the 
advantages accruing to Great Britain 
under a former treaty, were greater than 
the advantages conferred upon the United 
States ; therefore could not sign the treaty. 

Congress, however, immediately passed 
a law appropriating the money, and placed 
it at the disposal of the President. 

The yellow fever raged at the south and 
west from July to November, 1878. 

A. T. Stewart's grave was robbed in 
November, 1878, and a reward of |50,000 
was offered for the recovery of the body 
and the conviction of the thieves. 



SIXTEENTH ADMINISTRATION. 123 

December IT, the same year, gold was 
at par in New York city for the first time 
in seventeen years. 

January 1, 1879, specie payment was 
resumed in accordance with a law pre- 
viously passed. 

In 1880, the Egyptian obelisk, presented 
by the Khedive of Egypt to New York 
City, was brought in safety and placed in 
Central Park. 

The total height of the obelisk and its 
base and pedestal is 80 feet and 11 inches. 

The base is 17 feet, 8 inches square at 
the bottom, and 12 feet, 3^ inches at top ; 
and is 4 feet, 10 inches high. 

The pedestal is 9 feet, 3 inches square at 
bottom, and 9 feet 1 inch at top ; and is 6 
feet 11 inches high. 

The needle is 7 feet, 8f inches square at 
bottom, and 5 feet, 3 inches at top ; and is 
69 feet, 2 inches high. 

November 16, 1880, a treaty of great 
importance was made and signed between 
the United States and China. 



SECTION XXVIII. 



Seventeenth Presidential Administra- 

. TION.--1881 to . 

James Abram Garfield, President ; 
Chester A. Arthur, Yice-President. 

The ceremonies at the commencement 
of this administration were remarkably 
imposing, drawing to Washington im- 
mense crowds ot people from all localities. 

The official oath is always administered 
by the Chief Justice, unless something ex- 
traordinary interferes. 

For the first time in our historical rec- 
ord does a mother stand beside her son to 
witness his accession to the highest office 
within the gift of the American people. 

Before them were the most distinguished 
men and women of the land, and in such 
numbers that no man could count.. 
124 



SEVENTEENTH ABMINISTRATIOK 125 

After delivering his inaugural address, 
the Pres&ident turned around and kissed 
his mother, and afterward his wife. 

This being the first incident of the kind, 
the people noted it with great gratification 
and the throng rent the air with huzzas, 
while the President received the congrat- 
ulations of those about him. 

The principal events were the appoint- 
ment of Cabinet and other officers and 
their confirmation. 

On the 2d of July, President Garfield 
w^as shot, at the railroad station in Wash- 
ington, by Charles J. Guiteau. 

He was taken to Long Branch Septem- 
ber 6, 1881, and died September 19, at 
the Francklyn Cottage, Long Branch. 

The news of his death reached city and 
hamlet all over the country before mid- 
night ; at half-past one o'clock, Septem- 
ber 20, President Arthur took the oath of 
office in his own house in New York, 
which was administered by Justice Brady 
in the presence of seven other persons. 



SECTION XXIX. 

I' 

On the 22d of September, President 
Arthur a^ain took the oath of office, in 
Washington, which was administered by 
the Chief Justice of the United States, in 
the presence of ex-Presidents Grant and 
Hayes, General Sherman, the Cabinet, ex- 
Justice Strong, and a few Senators and 
Representatives. 

President Arthur was the fourth Vice- 
President that succeeded to the Presidency; 
and on the 22d of September delivered his 
inaugural address, which was received by 
the American people with general ap- 
proval. 

No changes were made in the cabinet 

selected by President Garfield for some 

time, and not till they insisted upon having 

their resignations accepted. 
126 



SE VENTEENTH ADMINISTRA TION. 137 

The trial of Charles J. Guiteau for the 
murder of President Garfield commenced 
early in !N"ovember, 1881, and continued 
eleven weeks, closing January 25, 1882, 
resulting in a verdict of murder. 

These protracted weeks of anxiety were 
surpassed, only, in the long months of 
waiting, in which doubt chased hope at the 
bedside of the noble man whose life this 
murderer was permitted to cut short. 

Now, that it is all over, it is some satis- 
faction to feel that Gaiteau has been ac- 
corded as fair a trial as a criminal ever re- 
ceived, and that all the forms of law have 
been observed in the vindication of the 
law. 

The question for the suppression of 
Polygamy in Utah is now (1882) occupy- 
ing largely the attention of the American 
people. 



SECTION XXX. 



Suggestions to Teachers. 

The following Charts are arranged for 
study, and can be filled out so as to take 
in nearly or quite all the important events 
of a decade or a period. 

Chart No. I. is arranged in decades and 
periods, extending from 1492 to 1789, em- 
bracing periods Kos. I., 11. , III. and lY. 

Observe on the left-hand side the dates 
1490, 1500, 1510, 1520, etc. ; at the top, 
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc., to 9. Commence at 1490 
and follow horizontally to the right until 
the square is reached directly under the 
figure 2, in which square there is a star, 
which says an important event happened 
during that year ; refer to the key which 
says it was the year in which Columbus 
made his first voyage to America. 

In the decade commencing with 1500, 

there is a star found in the square directly 

under the 6 ; the key says it indicates the 

death of Columbus. 
128 



TEE CHARTS, 13^ 

Every star in the Chart indicates an im- 
portant event, and the figures at the left 
and top will point out the date. 

The teacher or student can prepare, on 
a card, a Chart for any decade, ruled and 
numbered like Chart No. 1., which will be 
a great help in this study. 

Take, for instance, the decade beginning 
with 1770 ; during the reading, the student 
notes an important event that happened 
in 1770 ; he makes a star in the Chart in 
its proper place, which becomes to him a 
picture; this picture will be associated 
with the fact, which will be easily remem- 
bered ; during the half-hour's reading three 
or four facts may be noted on the Charts 
and they will be readily remembered by 
association. 

The student will soon have the power 
to fill in all the words necessary, making 
interesting historical stories. This can be 
used with any history one happens to have> 

Have the events in one decade all asso- 
ciated together, and let the story embrace 
the whole decade. 



CHART NO. 1, 



Period I. —1493 to 1607. 








1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


1490 






* 


* 








* 


* 


* 


1500 






* 








* 




— 





1510 






* 


* 








* 


1520 




* 




— 


* 


« 













1530 








1540 




* 


















1550 






















1560 






* 






* 








1 


1570 




















1 
1 


1580 

1 








* 




* 




* 






1590 






















1600 






* 


* 






* 





Pekiod II. —1607 TO 1775. 



! 1 

1 i 1 

1 1 


2 


3 4 


5 


6| 


1 

7 


8 


9 i 




1 

1600 

i 




* 


* 


* * 

* 




1610 


* 


* 


* 


* 


* 


1 
* 











* 

* *i 




1 1620 


* * 




1630 


* 


* 


* 


— 


* * 

* * 


* * 


* 


* * 
* 


» * 


i 




1 1640 








i 1650 




















i 




1660 

i 








* 


* * 




* 







1 




1870 


* 






* 


* 


* * 




1680 


* 




* * 

* * 




* 






* 


* 


* *i 




! 1690 


* 




* * 




* * 




* 


* 




i 
* 




1700 




* * 


* 


* 


* 








* 


i 




1710 








* * 












1720 






* 














* 




1730 








* 






* 


1 










J 



Period II.— 1607 to 1775, 



1 


I 





1 


2 


3 


4 


5- 


6 


7 


8 





1740 




* 






* 








* 




1750 






* 






* * 
* 


* 


* 


* * 


« 


1760 


* * 


* 




* * 




* 


* 


* 


* 


i 
1 


1770 


* * 


* * 




* 


* * 


. 




Period III 


.—1775 TO 1781. 


1770 




* * 

* * 

* * 


* * 

* * 


** 


* * 

* * 




1780 


* * 

* 


*** 
*** 

* 




1 

1 


Period IV. 


—1781 TO 1789. 

1 


j 1780 




* 


* * 


* 




* 


* * 


» 


* « 

* 


, .. ., -1 



KEY TO CHART NO. I. 



Period I. 

1492. Columbus made his first voyage to America, 

and discovered San Salvador, taking posses- 
sion of it in the name of the Spanish Sov- 
ereigns. He then sailed southward and dis- 
covered Cuba and Hayti, 

1493. Columbus made a second voyage, explored 

Jamaica and several other islands, founded 
the colony of Hispaniola, which was after- 
wards called San Domingo. The name 
Hayti was given to it after the French were 
expelled in 1803. 

1497. John Cabot discovered and visited the North 

American continent near Cape Breton. 

1498. Columbus made a third voyage, and discov- 

ered South America near the mouth of the 
Orinoco river. 

1499. Amerigo Vespucci visited the coast of South 

America, and then again in two years : he 
made a very interesting report, from which 
a German geographer suggested the name 
America, which was by common consent 
acquiesced ia. 
188 



134 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1502. Columbus made his fourth voyage from Cadiz : 
was refused permission to refit from his own 
colony, Hispaniola: coasted on the south 
side of the Gulf of Mexico ; and after much 
suffering from famine and hardship, re- 
turned home in 1504. 

1506. An old man, broken in body, although in full 
possession of his mental faculties, having, 
in his own words, "no place to repair ta 
except an inn, and often with nothing to 
pay for his sustenance, " the discoverer of 
the world died, in the act of repeating the 
words in Latin: "Lord, into thy hands I 
commit my spirit." 

1512. John Ponce de Leon (Spanish) discovered 

Florida. 

1513. Balboa, Governor of a Spanish colony on the 

isthmus, discovered the Pacific Ocean. 

1517. Cordova (Spanish) discovered Mexico. 

1521. Cortez sailed from Cuba with a fleet and six 
hundred soldiers, landed at Vera Cruz, and 
after much hard fighting obtained posses- 
sion of the capital. 

This wealthy country became a province 
of Spain, and remained as such for three 
centuries, till 1821, 

1534, Cartier (French) discovered the St. Lawrence. 

1535. Cartier explored the St. Lawrence to Mon- 

treal, and claimed the country for the 
French King. 
1541, De Soto (Spanish) discovered the Mississippi 
river. 



KEY TO CHART NO. 1. 135 

1562, Arrival of Huguenots in America. (A Hu- 
guenot was a French Protestant of the 
period of the religious wars in France, in 
the sixteenth century.) 

1565. St. Augustine founded by Pedro Melendez, 
(Spanish), who proclaimed his king mon- 
arch of all North America, and was in- 
structed to drive away or destroy the 
French. 

He then fell upon the Huguenots and 
massacred about nine hundred men, women, 
and children. 

1583. New England coast explored by Sir H. Gil- 
bert (English). 

1585. Settlement attempted on Roanoke Island by 
Raleigh: it failed. 

1587. Another settlement attempted on Roanoke 
Island : it failed. 

1603. Cape Cod discovered and named by Bartholo- 
mew Gosnold. 

1603. Maine discovered. 

1606. London and Plymouth companies chartered. 

Period II. 

1607. English land in Virginia, and found James- 

town. 

1608. Quebec founded by Captain Champlain. 

1609. The discovery of Lake Champlain. 
1609. Voyage of Henry Hudson to America. 
1609. Discovery of the Hudson River. 



ISO AMERICAN HISTOBY. 

1610. Starving time in Virginia. 

1612. Third Ciiarter granted to Virginia. 

1614. Captain John Smith explores New England. 

1619. First cargo of slaves brought to Virginia. 

1620. The pilgrims land at Plymouth Hock. 

1620. New Charter granted the Plymouth Company. 

1621. The Dutch West India Company incorpo- 

rated. 

1623. Albany on the Hudson founded. 

1625. Permanent settlements in Maine begun. 

1629. The Massachusetts Bay Company iiiunded. 

1629. Lord Baltimore visits Jamestown. 

1630. Settlement of Boston and neighboring towns. 

1631. Arrival of Roger Williams at Boston. 

1632. Maryland granted to Lord Baltimore. 

1634. Settlement of Maryland. 

1635. Permanent settlement of Connecticut by emi- 

grants from Massachusetts Bay. 

1635. Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts. 

1636. Providence founded by Roger Williams. 

1637. War with the Pequod Indians. 

1637. Harvard College founded. 

1638. New Haven founded. 

1638. First settlement in Delaware by Swedes. 

1639. Newport founded. 

1639. De Vries colonizes Staten Island. 

1642. Hostilities between the Maryland Settlers and 
the Susquehanna Indians. 

1644. Rhode Island obtains a charter. 

1644. Clayborne and Ingle's insurrection in Mary- 
land. 



KEY TO CHART NO, 1. 137 

1644. Charter for Providence Plantations granted 

to Roger Williams. 

1644. Indian massacre in Virginia. 

1647. Stuyvesant arrives at New Amsterdam. 

1663. First settlement in North Carolina. 

1664. First permanent settlement in New Jersey. 
1664. First settlement of Central New York at 

Schenectady. 
1670. First settlement in South Carolina. 

1673. George Fox, founder of the Quakers, visits 

America. 

1674. The Dutch gave up their claims to territory. 

1675. Quakers settle West Jersey. 

1675. Outbreak of Philips war in New England. 

1676. Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia. 
1680. Charleston, S. C, founded. 

1683. The "Friends " buy East Jersey. 
1682. William Penn sails for America. 
1682. Philadelphia founded. 

1682. Penn's Indian Treaty. 

1684. Penn returns to England. 

1687. Andros attempts to seize the Connecticut 

Charter. 

1688. Revolution in England, and King James 

driven away. 

1689. Deposition and arrest of Andros at Boston, 
1689. King William's war breaks out. 

1690 Schenectady destroyed by the French and 

Indians. 
1692. Pennsylvania taken from William Penn. 
1692. Witchcraft in Salem. 



138 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1694. Rice introduced into South Carolina. 

1694. Penn's rights in Pennsylvania restored. 

1696. Captain Kidd sails from New York. 

1697. Treaty of Ryswick. 
1699. Penn returns to America. . 
1701. Captain Kidd executed. 

1701. 'Yale College founded. 

1702. Queen Anne's War. 

1703. Boundary line between Connecticut and 

Rhode Island fixed. 

1704. Indian War in New England. 
1713. Treaty of Utrecht. 

1713. The Five Nations become Six, by the addi- 
tion of the Tuscarora Tribe. 

1718. William Penn died. 

1722. Third Indian war in New England. 

1729. North and South Carolina separated. 

1733. Georgia, the last colony, settled. 

1736. The first printing press established in Virginia. 

1741. Negro plot in New York. 

1744. King George's War. 

1748, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

1752. Spain yielded her claim to Georgia. 

1755. Intercolonial war. 

1755. Braddock's defeat. 

1755. Battle of Lake George. 

1756. Oswego, N. Y., captured by the French. 

1757. Massacre at Fort William Henry, (Lake 

George). 

1758. Lord Howe killed near Ticonderoga. 
1758. The English repulsed at Ticonderoga. 



KEY TO CHART NO. 1. 139 

1759. Wolfe captured Quebec. 

1760. The Navigation Act passed by Parliament. 

1760. King George III. ascends the throne. 

1761. Attempt to enforce writs of assistance in 

Massachusetts. 

1763. Treaty of Paris. 

1763. The survey of Mason and Dixon's line com- 
menced. 

1765. Stamp Act passed by Parliament. 

1766. Repeal of the Stamp Act. 

1767. Duties levied on glass, paper, etc. 

1768. Arrival of British troops in Boston. 
1770. Boston Massacre. 

1770. British troops removed from Boston 

1771. ■ Hutchinson Governor of Massachusetts. 
1771. Battle with the "Regulators " in N. C. 

1773. Destruction of tea in Boston Harbor. 

1774. Boston Port Bill passed. 

1774. First Continental Congress at Philadelphia. 



Period III. 

1775. Fighting at Lexington and Concord. 

1775, Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 

1775. Washington appointed Commander-in-chief. 

1775. Battle of Bunker Hill. 

1775. Montreal taken by Montgomery. 

1775. Death of Montgomery at the assault on 

Quebec. 

1776. Arrival of British fleet in New York. 
1776. Declaration of Independence. 



140 AMERICAN MISTOMT. 

1776, Battle of Long Island. 

1776. Americans abandon "New York. 

1776. Surrender of Fort Washington. 

1777. Battle of Princeton. 

1777. Lafayette, accompanied by eleven ofiBcere, 
among them the German veteran, Baron de 
Kalb, landed at Georgetown, S. C, April 24. 

1777. Flag of Stars and Stripes adopted. 

1777. Burgoyne captures Ticonderoga. 

1777. Howe's army sails from New York to Chesa- 
peake Bay. 

1777. Battle of Oriskany. 

1777. Battle of Bennington. 

1777. Battle of Brandywine. 

1777. Murder of Jane McCrea, near Fort Edward. 

1777, Surrender of Burgoyne. Howe occupies 

Philadelphia. 

1778. Philadelphia evacuated by the British. 
1778. Battle of Monmouth. 

1778. Battle and Massacre in the Wyoming Valley, 

1778. Arrival of a French fleet under D,Estaing. 

1778. Massacre by Indians and Tories at Cherry 
Valley. 

1778. Capture of Savannah by the British. 

1779. Try on attacks New Haven and other towns. 
1779, Stony Point captured by the British, 

1779, Sullivan's chastisement of the Indians for 
their cruel massacres, 

1779. Paul Jones's victory off the coast of Great 

Britain. 

1780, Surrender of Charleston to the British, May 13. 



KEY TO CHART NO, 1. 141 

1780. Battle of Sanders's Creek, August 16. 

1780. Capture of Major Andre, his trial, and finally 

his execution, October 2. 

1781. Battle of Cowpens, S. C, January 17. 
1781. Guilford Court House, N. C;, March 15. 
1781. Articles of Confederation ratified by the thir- 
teenth state, Maryland, March 1. 

1781. Massacre at Fort Griswold, Connecticut, 

September 6. 
1781. Battle of Eutaw Springs, S. C, Septembers. 
1781. Siege of Yorktown commenced October 9. 

1781. Surrender of Cornwallis, October 19. 

Period IV. 

1782. Preliminary Treaty of Peace signed. 

1783. Final Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, 

1783. Washington takes leave of his officers, and 

resigns his military office. 

1784. Jefferson's Northwest Ordinance, establishing 

the "Northwest Territory," proposed. 

1786. Shay's Rebellion in New England. 

1787. Northwest Territory organized, and Ordi- 

nance adopted. 

1787. Constitutional Convention met at Philadel- 

phia. 

1788. Congress declared the Constitution ratified by 

eleven states. 

1789. First Presidential election held the first 

Wednesday in January, 
1789. Proclamation of the election announced 

April 6. 
1789, Inauguration of Washington, April 30. 



KEY TO CHART NO, II. 



First Group. 

Acquisition of 7'erritory. 

Purchased of Date. Price. 



Louisiana, France, 


1803. 


$15,000,000. 


Florida, Spain, 


1819. 


5,000,000. 


Texas (by Annexation), 


1845. 




California, etc. . Mexico, 


1848. 


18,000,000. 


Arizona (Gadsden), Mexico, 


1853. 


10,000,000. 


Alaska, Russia, 


1867. 


7.200.000. 



Second Group. 



Financial Matters. 

1. United States Bank chartered 1791. 

2. Mint authorized ,^r. 1792. 

8. Cents coined ..1793. 

4. Silver Dollars coined. 1794. 

5. Eagles coined 1795. 

6. The re-charter for United States bank de- 

feated 1811. 

7. Suspension of specie payment in all banks 

except New England 1814. 

8. United States Bank re-chartered 1816. 

9. The bill for a re-charter vetoed 1832. 

142 



KEY TO OHART NO. 2. 143 

10. Deposits removed from the United States 

Bank by order of the President, and de- 
posited in State Banks 1833. 

11. The universal suspension of specie pay- 

ment by the banks - - - 1837. 

12. Failures in the city of New York alone, 

within two months after inauguration, 
$100,000,000 1837. 

13. The "Independent Treasury" bill became 

a law in 1840. 

14. The "Fiscal" or United States Bank bill 

vetoed 1841. 

15. Suspension of specie payment in 1862. 

16. The National Banking System inaugurated 1863. 

17. Gold quoted at 280 -1864. 

18. Resumption of specie payment 1879. 

Third Group, 

Tariffs. 

1. A tariff for Revepue, and continued through 

a series of ^years from 1789. 

2. First Protective tariff 1816. 

3. Second Protective tariff more stringent 1828. 

4. Third Protective tariff quite stringent 1832. 

5. Clay's Compromise 1833, 

6. Another Protective tariff 1842. 

7. Revision of the tariff of 1842 made.. 1846. 

8. Tariff revised in 1862. 

9. Internal Revenue tax bill, requiring licenses 

on trades and occupations, specific 



144 AMEUIGAN HISTOBY. 

duties on carriages, watches, and almost 
all articles manufactured : stamp duties 
on notes, mortgages, deeds, and other 
papers, etc 1862. 

Fourth Group. 
Treaties and Compromises. 

1. Treaty with England 1794. 

3. Treaty with Spain.. 1795. 

3. Treaty with France 1800. 

4. Treaty for the purchase of Louisiana 1803. 

5. Treaty with Tripoli 1805. 

6. Treaty with England 1814, 

7. Treaty with Algiers. 1815. 

8. Treaty with Spain for purchase of Florida 1819. 

9. The Missouri Compromise 1820. 

10. The Webster Ashburton Treaty 1842. 

11. Northwestern Boundary Treaty 1846. 

12. Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty 1848. 

13. Clayton Bulwer Treaty 1850. 

14. Clay's Compromise , 1850. 

15. Treaty for the Gadsden purchase 1853. 

16. Organizing the territories of Kansas and 

Nebraska, which repealed the Missouri 
Compromise 1854. 

17. Treaty for the purchase of Alaska. 1867. 

Fifth Group. 
Wars and Rebellions. 

1. Whiskey Rebellion .1794. 

2. War with Tripoli 1808. 



KEY TO CHART NO. 2. 145 

3/War with England.. _ 1813. 

4. War with Algiers 1816. 

5. An attempt at Nullification 1832. 

6. Black Hawk War. 1833. 

7. Seminole War 1835. 

8. Dorr Rebellion '. 1843. 

9. War with Mexico 1845. 

10. The Civil War, or Great Rebellion 1861. 

11. The Modoc War 1873. 

12. The Sioux War 1876. 

Sixth Group, 
Important Proclamations. 

1. The Monroe Doctrine 1833. 

3. Jackson silenced Nullification 1833. 

3. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation 1863. 

Seventh Group. 
Great Inventions. 

1. The Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney 1793. 

2. Steamboats successfully introduced 1806. 

3. Colt's Revolvers made 1839. 

4. McCormick's Reaper 1834. 

5. Lucifer Matches 1834. 

6. Morse's Telegraph first operated 1837. 

7. First Sewing Machine by J. J. Greenough 1843. 

8. Professor Morse laid the first submarine 

cable in New York Harbor 1843. 

9. The telegraph system was demonstrated to 

the world as a success in 1844. 

10. Howe's sewing machine in 1846. 



UQ AMERICAN HI8T0BT. 

11. Cyrus W. Field first attempts to lay the 

submarine cable 1855. 

18. Second attempt failed 1857. 

13. Third attempt was a success, but soon 

parted 1858. 

14. The work siiccessfully accomplished, after 

twelve years of toil, in 1866. 

Mr. Field crossed the ocean fifty times 
to accomplish it. 

Eighth Group. 

Slavery. 

1. Importation of slaves prohibited 1808. 

3. Fugitive Slave Law 1820. 

3. Re-enactment of the Fugitive Slave Law.. 1850. 

4. Declared free by the President in 1863. 

5. The Thirteenth Amendment whereby 

slavery was abolished by the Constitu- 
tion was ratified and announced in 1865. 

6. The Fifteenth Amendment, conferring 

upon the negro the right to vote 1869. 

Ninth Group. 
Cholera and Yellow Fever. 

1. Cholera was brought to Quebec, from thence 

up the lakes to Detroit, then among the 
United States troops engaged in the Black 
Hawk war in 1833. 

2. Cholera again brought to New Orleans 1848. 

3. Cholera in New York and elsewhere in 1866. 

4. Yellow Fever along the Mississippi river. .. 1878. 



KEY TO CHART NO. 2. 147 

Tenth Group. 
Disastrous Conjlagrations. 

1. The first great fire in New York City 1835. 

2 The first great fire in San Francisco 1849. 

3. Great fire in Charleston, S. C _ 1861. 

4. Columbia, S. C, almost entirely destroyed. 1865. 

5. Richmond, Va., fired by the Confederates. 1865. 

6. A destructive conflagration in Portland, 

Maine 1866. 

7. The great Chicago fire ...1871. 

8. Fire among the pines, Michigan 1871. 

9. Destructive fire in Boston 1872. 

10. The burning of the Brooklyn theatre 1876. 

11. Great forest fires in Michigan 1878. 

12. Fires and great loss of life in Michigan... 1881. 

Eleventh Group. 
States admitted into the Union. 

The thirteen original states date back to 1776. 

14. Vermont .' 1791. ) 

15. Kentucky 1792. [ Washington. 

16. Tennessee 1796. ) 

17. Ohio 1802.— Jefferson. 

18. Louisiana 1812. ) -vr,,^-^ 

19. Indiana 1816. [Madison. 

20. Mississippi 1817. 

21. Illinois... 1818. 

22. Alabama 1819. 

23. Maine 1820. 

24. Missouri 1821. , 

25. Arkansas 1836. 

26. Michigan.. .1837. 



Monroe. 



Jackson. 



148 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

27. Florida 1845.— Tyler. 

^8. Texas. 1845. ) 

29. Iowa 1846. [-Polk. 

30. Wisconsin 1848. ) 

31. California 1850.— Fillmore. 

32. Minnesota 1858. ) ^ , 

33. Oregon 1859. [Buchanan. 

34. Kansas- 1861. ) 

35. West Virginia 1863. V Lincoln. 

36. Nevada. 1864. ) 

37. Nebraska 1867.— Johnson. 

38. Colorado 1876.— Grant. 



Twelfth Group. 

Death and Resignation in the offices of President and 
Vice-President, 

1. George Clinton, Vice-President, died at Wash- 
ington, D. C, April 20, 1812. 

2. Elbridge Gerry, Vice-President, died at Wash- 
ington, D. C, November 23, 1814. 

3. John C. Calhoun, Vice-President, resigned 
1832. 

4. William H. Harrison, President, died April 4, 
1841. 

5. Zachary Taylor, President, died July 9, 1850. 

6. William R. King, Vice-President, died April 
18, 1853, 

Being an invalid, he went to Cuba to spend the 
winter, and the oath of office was administered to 
him at Havana by the United States Consul, in ac- 
cordance with- a resolution of Congress. 



KEY TO GHAUT NO. '2. 149 

7. Abraham Lincoln, President, died at Washing- 
ton/ D. C, April 15, 1865. 

8. Henry Wilson, Vice-President, died at Wash- 
ington, November 32, 1875. 

9. James A. Garfield, President, died at Long 
Branch, September 19, 1881, 



SECTION XXXI. 



Topics Geouped and Explained. 



1763. 
Mason and Dixon^s Line. 

The parallel, 39° 43' 26.3", which sepa- 
rates Pennsjlvania from Maryland, wa& 
established by Charles Mason and Jere- 
miah Dixon, two distinguished English 
mathematicians. 

For about ninety years, dissension and 
conflict existed between the rival proprie- 
tors of Pennsylvania and Maryland and 
their partisans; and the vicinity of this 
line was the theatre of riot, invasion and 
bloodshed. 

These gentlemen commenced running 
this line in December, 1763, from the 
northeast corner of Maryland, due west 
244 miles from the Delaware river ; but 
were compelled to suspend operations in 
consequence of opposition from Indians. 
150 



MASON AND DIXONB LINE, 151 

At the end of every fifth mile, a stone 
was planted with the arms of the Penn 
family on one side, and Lord Baltimore on 
the other. The intermediate miles were 
marked with smaller stones, having a P 
on one side and an M on the other. These 
stones all came from England ; these sur- 
veyors were four years running this line. 

In 1782, the remaining distance, 36 
miles, was run by other parties. In 1849, 
the former surveys were revised, and found 
correct in all the essential points. 

This line, in after years, separated the 
free states from the slave states, with the 
exception of the northern points of Dela- 
ware and Virginia. This line never ex- 
tended across Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 

During the exciting debate in Congress, 
in 1820, on the question of excluding 
slavery from Missouri, the eccentric John 
Eandolph, of Eoanoke, made great use of 
this phrase, which was caught up and re- 
echoed by every newspaper in the land, 
and thus gained a celebrity which it still 
retains. 



SECTION xxxn. 



The American Flag. 

After the Declaration of Independence, 
the emblems of British union became in- 
appropriate, but thej were retained in the 
flag the following year. 

Congress resolved on June 14, 1777, 
*'that the flag of the thirteen United 
States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and 
white ; that the Union be thirteen stars, 
white in a blue field, representing a new 
constellation." It is supposed that the 
flag was unfurled first by Paul Jones, on 
the Ranger^ to the command of which he 
was appointed on the same day that the 
resolution regarding the flag was passed. 

The stars were first arranged in a circle, 
which was changed in 1794, having fifteen 
stars and fifteen stripes, alternate red and 
152 



THE AMERICAN FLAG. 153 

white. The reason for this was that two 
states had been added, making fifteen. 

In April, 1818, Congress made another 
change, returning to the original thirteen 
stripes, with as many stars as there were 
states — a new star to be added on the 4th 
of July following the admission of each 
state into the Union. 

No Congressional action has ever been 
taken in regard to the aTvangement of the 
stars on the flag. 



SECTIOJS^ XXXIII. 



Finances. 



The bank of England was established in 
1694. 

The system originated with Samuel 
Lamb, a well-known merchant of London, 
as early as 1657. 

The United Colonies, in 1775, resolved 
to issue and borrow money to the amount 
of $300,000 of '' bills of credit " for the re- 
demption of which the faith of the colonies 
was pledged. 

Legal-tender acts of the most stringent 
character were adopted by Congress. 

Taxes were recommended in 1777 ; but 
the resolution passed was so indefinite that 
little or nothing was accomplished thereby. 

The states were requested the same year 
154 



FINANGE8. 155 

to raise $5,000,000 ; only small sums were 
raised by some of the states. 

Congress, in an address to the people, 
said : " Your money has depreciated, be- 
cause you have imposed no taxes to carry 
on the war." 

Large sums of money were called for in 
1779. 

In 1780, $186,000,000 were called for, 
but the actual amount received within the 
year was small. 

$9,000,000 in bills had been issued be- 
fore any depreciation took place. 

In March, 1778, $1.00 in coin was worth 
$1.75 in paper; in 1779, it was worth 
$10.00 in paper, and in 1780, it was worth 
$40.00 in paper. 

$200,000,000 in bills had been issued, 
and were worth only $5,000,000 in coin. 

In 1781, the depreciation was so great 
that from $200 to $500 were required to 
buy $1 in coin. 

It is said specie was very plenty in 1780, 
owing to the large sums expended by the 
British army in New York. 



156 AMERIGAN HISTORY. 

A careful financier estimated the amount 
of specie, in 1780, in the thirteen states, at 
from $10,000,000 to $12,000,000. 

Daring the war the several colonies is- 
sued paper money ot their own, estimated 
in the aggregate, prior to 1783, at $209,- 
000,000. ' 

In 1781, Congress created the office of 
Superintendent of the Finances, appoint- 
ing Robert Morris to that position. 

He proposed a plan for a bank, and 
Congress passed " an ordinance to incorpo- 
rate the subscribers to the bank of North 
America," with a capital of $400,000, of 
which the goverment took $254,000. 

This institution was considered a great 
assistance to the national finances. It 
was also incorporated by the State of 
Pennsylvania in 1782. 

This bank continued operation under 
the charter granted by Congress till 1787 ; 
it was then re-chartered by the State of 
Pennsylvania, and has from time to time 
been re-chartered, and now exists uader 
the National banking system. 



FINANCES. 157 

The first Congress, in 1789, yjassed an 
act imposing duties on imports, and estab- 
lishing the pound sterling at $4.44. 

Coins from all parts of the world (and 
there were no others) were taken at the 
custom-house at their statutory value. 

In 1791, the United States Bank was 
organized, with a capital of $10,000,000, 
divided into 25,000 shares at $400 each. 

The bank was established in Philadel- 
phia, with branches at different places, 
i^' In 1792, a mint was authorized by Con- 
gress, and in 1793 the first copper cents 
were coined, and in 1794 the first silver 
dollars, and in 1795 the first gold eagles. 

The dollar was declared the unit of Fed- 
eral money. - 

Several states had, prior to this, estab- 
lished mints in which cents and half cents 
were coined, each state having its oMm pecu- 
liar design. 

In 1811, a bill re-chartering the United 
States Bank was defeated by the vote of 
Yice-P resident Clinton, the vote in the 
Senate being a tie. 



158 AMERICAN R18T0BT. 

Its affairs were closed up, and within 
eighteen months the stockholders had 
received 88 per cent, of their stock. When 
the business was fully settled, the assets 
yielded to the stockholders a premium 
over the par value of 8 J per cent. 

Daring the war of 1812 to 1815, the 
government, which was embarrassed for the 
want of means, had to receive important 
aid from State banks. 

Most of these were now driven to a sus- 
pension of specie payment, and the finances 
of the government were now (1814) in a 
terrible condition, when Alexander J. 
Dallas was call to the head of the Treas- 
ury department. 

Recommendations were made, and 
finally, 1816, a bill was passed incorpora- 
ting the "Bank of the United States," 
with a capital of $35,000,000 of 350,000 
shares of $100 each ; $7,000,000 of the 
stock was to be taken by the government, 
and the remaining $28,000,000 by individ- 
ual companies or corporations. 

The charter extended for twenty years 



FINANCES. 159 

(to 1836) and then expired as a United 
States bank ; a bill for a re-charter having 
been vetoed in 1832. 

Pennsylvania, however, re-chartered it 
with the same capital, retaining the same 
name. It suspencj^d specie payment in 
1837, during the great financial crisis, re- 
sumed "Specie payment in 1840, and during 
the year closed up its affairs, and after 
paying its debts there remained nothing 
for the stockholders, as the entire capital 
had been sunk. 

A charter for a '^ Fiscal Bank " being 
about the same, as the previous bank was 
vetoed in 1841. 

State Banks, 

Each State had its own system of bank- 
ing, until the great necessity, created by 
the Civil War, for 

National Banks. 

In 1863, an " Act to provide a National 
Currency, secured by a pledge of United 
States bonds," etc., was passed, which 



160 AMERICAM HISTORY. 

brought into existence, under Secretary 
Chase, the successful National Banking 
System, that has been changed from time 
to time, and is the great system of to-day. 
Silver money having almost entirely gone 
out of circulation, fractional currency, of 
the denominations of 3, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 
50 cents, were issued to take its place. 

The cause for the disappearance of silver 
and gold was the depreciation of " Green- 
backs " or National Currency, and gold 
quoted in 1864 $2.80; that is, $2.80 in 
currency was worth $1.00 in gold, or a 
paper dollar was actually worth only 
thirty-six cents. It remained at these fig- 
ures only a few days. In 1882, there were 
reported 2,132 National Banks in the 
United States. 



SECTION XXXIV. 



Trp:atie6 and Gompromisep. 



1783. 
Treaty with Englwnd, 
Adams, Franklin, Jay, and Laurens, on 
the part of the United States, and Strachey, 
Oswald, and Fitzherbert, on the part of 
Great Britain, signed a preliminary treaty 
at Paris November 30, 1782 ; September 
3, 1783, a definitive treaty was signed at 
Versailles, by which the United States 
were acknowledged by Great Britain to be 
free, sovereign, and independent. 

1794. 
Treaty with England. 
This was made by John Jay, and in 
pursuance of that treaty, England surren- 
dered al! the western forts in 1796, 
161 



163 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Its ratification exasperated the French 
government, which openly showed its dis- 
pleasure by decrees under which American, 
commerce suffered continual annoyance 
and losses. 

1800. 
Treaty with France, 

Three envoys, C. C. Pinckney, Elbridge 
Gerry, and John Marshall, were sent to 
France with authority to adjust difficulties* 

The French government refused to re- 
ceive them, but intimated that a consider- 
able present of money would facilitate ne- 
gotiations, and a refusal to pay the bribe 
would lead to war. 

'^-War be it then," replied Pinckney; 
*' millions for defence, but not one cent for 
tribute." Pinckney and Marshall were 
ordered to leave France. 

A new embassy was sent, and Napoleon 
Bonaparte having obtained power, a treaty 
was promptly concluded, Sept. 30, 1800. 
It was during these troubles with France 
that the Alien and Sedition laws were 
passed by Congress. 



TREATIES. 163 

1803. 

Treaty for the purchase of Louisiana. 

In 1800, Louisiana had been ceded by 
Spain to France ; and in 1802 the Presi- 
dent opened a private correspondence 
with the French government which resulted 
the succeeding year in the purchase of the 
entire territory for the sum of $15,000,000 ; 
the boundaries of which are defined by the 
treaty with Spain in 1819. 

1805. 
Treaty with Trijpoli. 

The insolence of the piratical states on 
the Barbary coast was humbled by the 
bombardment ol Tripoli in 1804, and the 
invasion of that state by a small force 
from Egypt, led by Capt. Eaton, an Amer- 
ican officer. 

At the moment Eaton was preparing to 
fall upon Tripoli and release the Ameri- 
can captives, news reached him that a treaty 
had been concluded by Col. Tobias Lear, 
the American-consul-general at Algiers, 
one of the conditions of which was that 



164 AMERICAN EI8T0BT. 

$60,000 should be- paid the Dey for the 
ransora of the Americaus 

Eaton soon returned to the United 
States, where he received many marks of 
popular tavor : the Legislature of Massa- 
chusetts voted him 10,000 acres of land. 

1814. 
Treaty with England. 

The treaty at Ghent, Belgium, was 
made Dec. 14, 1814, by John Quincy 
Adams, James A. Bayard, Henry Clay, 
Jonathan Kussell, and Alexander Gallatin 
on the part of the United States, and 
Admiral Lord Gambier, Henry Goulbourn, 
and William Adams an the part of Great 
Britain. 

The treaty provided for the mutual 
restoration of all territory taken during 
the war, and for the mutual appointment 
of commissioners to determine the north- 
ern boundary of the United States. 

Nothing was said about the impress- 
ment of American seamen, one of the 
main causes of the war, but the practice 
was discontinued. 



TREATIES. 165 

This was followed by a proclamation of 
peace, Feb. 18, 1815. 

1815. • 

Treaty vnth Algiers. 

The practice of paying annual tribute 
to the pirates of the Barbary States did 
not always protect vessels. 

While the French fleet was in the Med- 
iterranean a check was put upon piracies; 
but as soon as peace was restored the 
Algerines commenced depredations; but 
the Americans, who in 1795 had been com- 
pelled to follow the example of European 
nations, and to subsidize the Dey for peace, 
now refused to pay tribute. 

In June, 1815, Commander Decatur 
encountered an Algerine squadron near 
Cartagena, took a frigate and a brig and 
sailed into the bay of Algiers, and on the 
28th of June demanded the instant release 
of al] American prison ers,y^Z/ indemnifi- 
cation for all property, and absolute relin- 
quishment of all claims to tribute from the 
United States in the future. These terms 



166 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

were agreed to, and' the Dey signed such a 
treaty. 

1819. 

Treaty with Spain, 

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams^ 
who had carried on an important corres- 
pondence with Spain having reference to 
the boundaries of Florida and Louisiana, 
and claims on Spain for commercial depre- 
dations, now pushed American claims 
under the treaty, insisting that this cession 
included not merely Florida to the Perdido, 
but Texas to the Kio Grande. 

Finally in consideration of the cession 
of Florida, the United States agreeing to 
pay $5,000,000 for it, to be applied toward 
the extinction of American mercantile 
claims against Spain, Adams compromised 
matters by taking the Sabine, Bed, and 
Upper Arkansas, and the crest of the 
Rocky Mountains as the western boun- 
dary of Louisiana. 

This treaty was the principal achieve- 
ment of Secretary Adams. 



TREATIES. 167 

1820. 
The Missouri Compromise 

After the admission of Maine as a State, 
a bill for the admission of Missouri, also, 
was presented to Congress. 

Its admission as a slave state was sharp- 
ly opposed by the tree state members ; but 
finally passed in the form of a compro- 
mise, as follows: Missouri should be ad- 
mitted as a slave state, its main southern 
boundary, lying on parallel 36° 30' North 
Latitude, should mark the line extending 
west as far as the United States then 
owned, north of which the territory should 
forever he free. Two questions arose: 
First, has Congress the constitutional 
right to prohibit slavery in a territory ? 
Second, was the term ^^ forever " used as 
meaning for all time, or simply during the 
existence of the territorial government ? 

On the first question the members of the 
cabinet were unanimous. On the second 
question John Quincy Adams thought the 
term ^^ forever " must mean forever, and 



168 AMERICAN BISTORT, 

that the prohibitiou of slavery, instead of 
ceasing with the territorial condition of 
district, would, under this act, extend to 
any states that might at any time in the 
future be formed out of territory lyin^ 
north of 36° 30'. 

All the other members of the cabinet 
were of the opinion that the ''^forever " 
was a territorial forever, and would not 
prohibit the states from having slavery or 
not, just as they saw fit to incorporate in 
their constitutions. 

(Refer to Monroe's first cabinet and 
study the men). 

1842. 
Webster- Ashhurton Treaty. 

The differences between the United 
States and England relative to the north- 
eastern boundary (Maine) which had nearly 
exhausted all diplomatic resources, were 
still unsettled. 

The affair of the steamboats Caroline 
and McLeod^ the detention and search of 
American vessels on the coast of Africa, 



TREATIES. 189 

were subjects of controversy which imper- 
atively demanded attention. 

Lord Ashburton was sent as a special 
envoy to the United States, and with 
Daniel "Webster, then Secretary of State, 
the matter was compromised and a war 
avoided. The opposition in England, led 
hj Lord Palmerston, assailed it under the 
name of the " Ashburton Capitulation ; " 
and in the United States, Mr. Webster 
was charged with having been overreached ; 
but public opinion on both sides of the 
ocean has sanctioned it as a wise and 
statesmanlike transaction. 

1846. 

Northwestern Boundary Treaty. 

England and the United States had both 
claimed the whole northwestern territory, 
that is, Oregon, etc. 

The protocol between Mr. Buchanan 
and Mr. Packenham induced England to 
accept the compromise line 49" North 
Latitude. Mr. Tyler had heretofore made 



170 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

the same proposition, but it was then re- 
jected by Mr. Packenham. 

The British government were now wil- 
ling to accept Mr. Polk's offer, 49°, which 
was agreed to by Congress. Mr. Webster, 
though holding no executive office, was 
able, through private channels of influence 
in England, to contribute materially to 
this result. 

1846. 
The Wilmot Proviso. 

In 1846, a bill was proposed in Congress 
making an appropriation to negotiate a 
peace with Mexico, an amendment by 
David Wilmot, known as the Wilmot 
proviso, which was, '^ That there shall be 
neither slavery nor involuntary servitude 
in any territory on the continent of Amer- 
ica, which shall hereafter be acquired by 
or annexed to the United States, by virtue 
of this appropriation." 

The proviso was rejected by the Senate, 
and never became a law. 



TEEATIBS. 171 

1848, 
Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty. 

This name is from the town in Mexico 
in which the treaty was made February 
2, 1848, and it stipulated that the Ameri- 
can army should evacuate the city of Mex- 
ico within three months. 

Mexico ceded to the United States 
California and New Mexico, and accepted 
the Rio Grande, from its mouth to El 
Paso, as the southern boundary of Texas. 

On the part of the United States, it was 
agreed that the sum of $15,000,000 should 
be paid for the territory thus acquired; and 
that debts due from Mexico to United 
States citizens, to the amount of .13,000,000, 
should be assumed. 

1850. 
Clay ton- Bulwer Treaty. 
While John M. (^ayton was Secretary 
of State, the celebrated treaty with Eng- 
land, bearing the above name, was consum- 
mated, guaranteeing the neutrality of and 
the encouragement to lines of inter-oceanic 



173 AMERICAN fflSTORY. 

communication across Nicaraugua, or 
otherwise. 

The difiSculty was this : since 1740, not- 
withstanding various treaties and negotia- 
tions with Spain, England had claimed a 
protectorate over the kingdom, and in 1848 
seized San Juan, and made an attempt to 
extend the protectorate over all the adja- 
cent coast. 

The acquisition of California by the 
United States, had made that question one 
of practical importance, and in a short time 
San Juan was occupied by Americans en- 
gaged in opening the transit line to Cali- 
fornia, which occupation led to the treaty. 

1850. 
Glay^s Compromise, 
It was provided, — 

1. That California should be admitted 
as a free state. 

2. That the territory of Utah should be 
established without the mention of slavery. 

3. That the territory of New Mexico 
should be organized without mention of 
slavery. 



TREATIES. 173 

4. The settlement of the Texas boundary 
question. 

5. The abolition of the slave trade in 
the District of Columbia. 

6. The re-enactment of the fugitive slave 
law. 

This is sometimes called the " Omnibus 
Bill."' 

1853. 

The Gadsden Purchase. 

A great question that interested this ad- 
ministration was a boundary dispute with 
Mexico concerning a tract of land border- 
ing on New Mexico, and comprising about 
45,535 square miles, which, by treaty and 
negotiation, became a part of the United 
States. 

The American minister's name was 
Gadsden, hence the name of the purchase : 
it forms a part of Arizona and New Mex- 
ico. Various expeditions were sent out 
that year to explore the railroad route 
from the Mississippi to the Pacific. Sev- 
eral years ago the road was finished from 



174 AMERICAN EI8T0BT, 

San Francisco to a fort in Arizona, a dis- 
tance of 1,000 miles, and on the 30th day 
of December, 1881, the first through train 
started from both termini, namely New 
Orleans and San Francisco, the track being 
laid the entire distance. 

1854. 
The Ostend Manifesto. 

The firing upon the American Steamer, 
the Black Warrior^ by a Spanish vessel 
during the administration of President 
Pierce threatened at one time to lead 
to hostilities. Since then the acquisition 
of Cuba has entered frequently into Ameri- 
can politics. 

The matter was confined to Mr. Soule, 
then the Minister to the court of Madrid ; 
but it was thought advisable that our Min- 
isters to England and France, Messrs. 
Buchanan and Mason, should act in con- 
cert with Mr. Soule. 

The result was a meeting at Ostend a 
town in Belgium, and the drawing up of 
a memorandum, popularly known as the 



TREATIES. 175 

"Ostend Manifesto," in which the Minis- 
ters set forth the importance of Cuba to 
the United States, the advantages that 
would accrue to Spain from the sale of it 
at a fair price, the difficulty that Spain 
would encounter in endeavoring to keep 
possession of it by mere military power, the 
sympathy of the people of the United 
States with the inhabitants of the Island, 
and finally that Spain as a last resort might 
endeavor to Africanize Cuba, and become 
instrumental in re-enacting the scenes of 
Santo Domingo. Rather than have such 
an influence to act upon the slave popula- 
tion of the United States, we should be 
justified in wresting the Island from Spain 
by force. A proposition was urged in 
the United States Senate, to place $30,000,- 
000 in the hands of the President, with a 
view to the acquisition of the Island, but 
after debate it was withdrawn ; and the 
"Ostend Manifesto" was at an end. 

1854. 

Repeal of th^ Missouri Comjpromise, 
The bill reported for the organization of 



176 AMERICAN niSTORT. 

two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska, 
lying north of 36' 30', was the repeal of 
the "Missouri Compromise" of 1820, and 
slavery was now allowed to enter where it 
had been form ally yb^^'y^/' excluded. 

The bill, after an intensely heated debate 
passed in the Senate by a vote of 37 to 14, 
and in the House, by a vote of 113 to 100. 
This bill aroused great excitement in the 
free states, and following so closely the 
*'Ostend Manifesto" was denounced as a 
flagrant breach of faith. 

1867. 
Purchase of Alaska, 

A scientific corps passed through this 
country for the purpose of selecting a route 
for the Russo- American telegraph line, 
a project which was abandoned in conse- 
quence of the successful laying of the At- 
lantic cables. 

In 1867, a treaty was made through 
William H. Seward, Secretary of State, 
and Alexander II., Czar of Russia, for the 
purchase of Alaska by the United States. 



TREATIE8, 177 

$7,200,000 in gold was the price agreed to 
be paid, and the treaty was ratified by the 
Senate, May 20, of the same year. 

Brig.-Gen. Lovell H. Eousseau was ap- 
pointed commissioner for that purpose, and 
took formal possession of the country in 
the name of the United States. The area 
of Alaska is equal to that of twelve states 
of the size of New York. 

1871. 
Annexation of Santo Domingo. 
This treaty was not ratified by the Sen- 
ate, and failed. 

1872. 
The Geneva Aivard. 

The court of arbitration at Geneva, 
awarded the sum of $15,500,000, for dama- 
ges, done by the confederate cruiser Ala- 
bama, to the United States shipping. 



SECTION xxxm. 



Disastrous Conflagrations. 



1835. 
The first great conflagration in New 
York city took place in December, 1835, in 
what was then the main business portion 
of the city, the district lying east of Broad- 
way and north of Wall Street. There were 
burned the Merchant's Exchange, several 
banks, and 648 large warehouses, all filled 
with valuable merchandise; the entire loss 
was not less than $18,000,000. 

1849. 
The first one in San Francisco, Cal., was 
December 4, 1849 ; loss about §1,000,000. 

This city had grown in a year after the 
discovery of gold from a small village to a 
city of 30,000 inhabitants. 
178 



DISASTROUS CONFLAGRATIONS. 179 

The second fire in 1850 ; loss $3,000,000. 

The third fire in 1850 ; loss $3,000,000. 

The fourth fire in 1851 ; loss $7,000,000. 

The fifth fire in 1851 ; loss $2,000,000. 

In this series of confia<^rations following 
closely upon each other, the total loss was 
$16,000,000, an amount in proportion to 
population fuJlj equal to that caused bj 
the great fire in Chicago. 

1861. 

A very great fire accidently kindled in a 
sash factory in Charleston, S. C, Decem- 
ber 11, 1861, destroyed several churches, 
and nearly all the public buildings; loss 
estimated at $11,000,000. 

1865. 

Colombia, the capital of South Carolina, 
was almost entirely destroyed by fire on 
the 17th and ISth of February, 1865. 

Sherman had just entered the city with 
his army, after it was evacuated by Wade 
Hampton. It is said that a large quantity 
of cotton lay piled in the streets, bales of 
which were cut open and set on fire. A 



180 AMEBIC AN EI8T0RT. 

strong wind carried the fire to various parts 
of the city, and it was only through the 
utmost exertions of the Union troops, that 
any portion of it was saved. 

1865. 
The same thing happened in Kichmond, 
Ya., April 3, 1865. General Ewell who 
■commanded the rear guard, gave orders for 
firing the warehouses in the central part of 
the city; when the Union advance entered 
they found a great conflagration raging, 
and before it could be extinguished, a third 
of the city was consumed, embracing the 
entire business portion. 

1866. 

On July 4, 1866, a destructive confla- 
gration began in Portland, Maine, occa- 
sioned by a firecracker. 

The flames swept due north, destroying 
everything in its way for a space of a mile 
and a half long, by half a mile wide. 

More than fifty buildings were blown 
up, in the hope thereby to check the pro- 
gress of the flames. 



DT8ASTB0US CONFLAGRATION'S. 181 

It was extinguished on the fifth, but 
not until nearly one half of the finest part 
of the city had been destroyed, The loss 
was not less than $10,000,000. 

1871. 

The most destructive conflagration that 
ever occurred in the United States, was that 
at Chicago, October 8-10, 1871. Build- 
ings supposed to be fire-proof burned like 
tinder ; the area burned over contained 
2,100 acres. 

There were 17,450 houses burned, among 
which were forty-one churches, thirty-two 
hotels, ten theatres, eight public schools, 
five elevators containing 1,642,000 bushels 
of grain, three railroad depots, nine daily 
newspaper offices, the court house, custom 
house, post office, chamber of commerce 
and gas works. Loss $198,000,000. 

No city ever recovered so speedily from 
such a blow. In a year the larger part was 
rebuilt; and within less than two years the 
business was supposed to be greater than 
before the fire. 



182 AMERICAN HISTORY, 

About two hundred persons lost their 
lives, and 98,500 were left homeless. 

1871. 

On the terrible day Chicago burned, a fire 
started among the pines in Michigan, and in 
a few hours several hundred families were 
homeless, being driven in a desperate flight 
toward the shores of the lake, leaving be- 
hind them, in the ruins of their little 
houses, or on the blackened ground of their 
now barren farms, scores of dead bodies, 
and the carcasses of nearly all their dead 
stock. 

1872. 

In November, 1872, Boston was visited 
bj a conflagration second only to that of 
Chicago. 

About seventy acres were burned over, 
containing 800 buildings, many of them 
granite, five or more stories high, and they 
were almost entirely occupied for business 
and manufacturing purposes. 

But few persons were rendered homeless, 



DIS ASTRO US CONFLA GRA 2 JONS. 1 83 

and not more than fifteen lis^es were lost. 
Loss of property about $80,000,000. 

1876. 

The dreadful catastrophe, by which 284 
persons lost their lives, the burning of the 
Brooklyn theatre, occured in 1876. 

1878. 

In September, 1878, the forest fires 
spread over a large extent of country, for a 
distance of 160 miles along the shore of 
Lake Michigan. 

1881. 

On the 5th of September, 1881, a fire 
was started in the eastern part of Michigan, 
bordering on Lake Huron, and a large part 
of the counties of Huron, Sanilac, Tuscola, 
embracing as area of twelve hundred square 
miles, equal to 768,000 acres, was entirely 
burned over. 

Thirty villages were reported burned, 
1500 families or more rendered homeless ; 
500 and perhaps 1,000 perished in the 
flames ; the exact number can never be as- 



184 AMERICAN HI8T0BY, 

certaiiied, inasmuch as whole familieL dis- 
tant from each other were entirely swept 
away. ]N'ot a vestige of buildings, fences, 
hay, grain or anything remained upon the 
burnt district. 

The foregoing group simply embraces 
the worst of the fire casualties as recorded 
in this country. 

Many others in which property lost 
amounted to millions in each case may be 
grouped with these. 



SECTION XXXIV. 



Cholera. 
1832. 

India seems to be the birth-place of the 
Asiatic cholera ; it having made its appear- 
ance there for many centuries, at intervals 
of twelve years, sometimes much more 
virulent than at others. 

Its progress is always westward. In 1820 
it broke out at Hurdwar (India,) the great 
place of pilgrimage at the head of the 
Ganges. Several hundred thousand pil- 
grims go to Hurdwar every year, and fully 
3,000,000 every twelfth year; from these 
great gatherings the cholera has been car- 
ried to most parts of Asia, into Europe, in- 
to the Polish armies, to Warsaw, and 
finally to London in 1831. 

It was then carried by ten or twelve 
185 



186 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

emigrant ships to Quebec in the spring of 
1835, up the St. Lawrence river and across 
the lakes to Detroit, where it met the Uni- 
ted States troops, going to the Black Hawk 
war; its course was marked by devastation 
and death ; one company lost forty-seven 
out of seventy-eight, in fourteen days ; a 
regiment lost 200 soldiers in a week. 

It was distributed to nearly all the Na- 
tional posts in the West, going down the 
Mississippi river and reaching New Orleans 
October, 1832. Out of a population of 55,- 
000, there died 6000 of its inhabitants. 
The disease was six years in coming from 
India to America. 

1848. 

In 1848 cholera was again brought to 
New Orleans, by German emigrants from 
Havre. It was carried to all the landing 
places up the Mississippi and Ohio rivers 
to Cincinnati ; and over the emigrant route 
to San Francisco it is said that more than 
a thousand emigrants died on the road. 
This epidemic commenced in Bengal (!n- 



CHOLERA. 187 

dia), 1841, and was seven years in reaching 
New Orleans. 

1866. 

The next great twelve-yearly epidemic 
commenced in India, April 1865, moving 
westward across Europe ; from Havre and 
other places, it was quickly transported 
across the ocean to New York in 1866 ; 
from thence to places in the West, espegi^ 
ally where railroads were being built, the 
infection being carried by laborers and sol- 
diers. 

Yelloio Fever. 

1878. 
This dreadful scourge raged with una- 
bated severity during the latter part of the 
summer and autumn, 18T8, along the Mis- 
sissippi river, almost annihilating some 
towns and villages; its ravages ceased in 
November ; total number of deaths from 
that disease 20,000. 



SECTION XXXV. 



History of Raileoads. 

The first railroad constructed in Amer- 
ica was projected by Gridley Bryant, in 
1825, and built in 1826. 

It was designed to carry granite from the 
quarries of Quincy, Mass., to the nearest 
tide water, and is known as the Quincy 
railrqad. 

It is four miles in length, and the first 
cost was $50,000. 

Several of the first railroads built had 
wooden rails upon which were spiked 
plates of iron. 

The second American railroad was built 
in 1827 from the coal mines of Mauch 
Chunk, Pa., to the Lehigh river, and with 
its branches was thirteen miles long. 

The third American railway was built 
188 



RAILROADS, 189 

in 1828-9, bj tlie Delaware and Hudson 
Canal Company, from the Honesdale coal 
mines to the terminus of their canal, and 
was operated by a locomotive brought from 
England. 

The fourth railroad, now known as the 
Baltimore and Ohio road, was commenced 
in 1828, and was gradually continued from 
Baltimore to Elicott's mills, a distance of 
13 miles. In 1830 the first American loco- 
motive was built by Peter Cooper in Balti- 
more. 

The boiler stood upright, the whole en- 
gine weighing only about one ton, and over 
this route it drew an open car filled with 
the directors of the road and their friends 
at a speed which reached eighteen miles an 
hour. 

This was the first steam locomotive used 
for transporting passengers on this side of 
the Atlantic. 

In 1829 a railroad six miles in length 
was built, which when completed would 
connect Charleston, S. C, with the Savan- 
nah river. 



190 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

This was at first operated by an engine 
worked by a horse, walking on an endless 
platform, and carried passengers at the rate 
of twelve miles per hour. 

The sixth was the Mohawk and the 
Hudson (now the New York Central), from 
Albany to Schenectady; it was commenced 
in August 1830, and in October 1831, it 
was carrying passengers and freight. 

In 1832 a locomotive with a load of 
eight tons traveled at the rate of thirty 
miles per hour. The New York Central 
now has its four tracks, and on an average 
a train of cars passes over it every ten 
minutes. 

This in brief is the history of the com- 
mencement of railroading in this country, 
which to-day is the most stupendous enter- 
prise on the continent. At the present 
time (1882), there are more than 80,000 
miles of railroads in the United States. 



SECTION XXX\ I 



Historical Stories. , 

The following stories are only given as 
samples : 

These can be read, children can tell them 
in their own language, teachers will ques- 
tion about them, bringing in as much infor- 
mation from other books as possible ; finally 
the children can reproduce them in widting. 
Add other stories to the list as you find 
them in your reading. 

Paul Revere. 

In 1766, Paul engraved a print emblem- 
atical of the repeal of the stamp act, which 
was very popular, as was likewise another 
called " The Seventeen Rescinders." 

In 1770, he published a print of " The 
Boston Massacre;" he also engraved the 
plates, made the press, and printed the bills 
191 



192 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

of the paper money ordered by the Provin- 
cial Congress of Massachusetts. He was 
one of the party that destroyed the tea in 
Boston Harbor. 

When General Gage prepared an expe- 
dition to destroy the military stores of the 
colony at Concord, Warren despatched 
William Dawes through Roxbiiry to Lex- 
ington, and Paul Revere by way of Charles- 
town to the same place, to give notice of 
the event. 

About live minutes before General 
Gage's order prohibiting Americans leaving 
Boston had been received, Paul was rowed 
quickly across Charles river, and a little 
after midnight reached Lexington, arousing 
the inmates of every house on the way. 

This ride has been immortalized in verse, 
and is known as " Paul Revere' s Ride." 

The student should study it in connec- 
tion with this story, because legend and 
poetry have illustrated every minute of 
that night preceding the battle of Lexing- 
ton. 



Declaration or Independence. 

The "Declaration" was of slow growth 
like the " Emancipation Proclamation ;" 
neither of them was proclaimed to tlie world 
until it was supposed the people were ready 
to sustain it. The first moves were 
made in various towns and counties. Men- 
don, Mass., in 1773 was the first that de- 
clared, " That all men have an equal right 
to life, liberty and property ; " " That all 
just and lawful government must origin- 
ate in the free consent of the people." 
Other towns and counties followed in 
similar or stronger declarations. 

The committee appointed by Congress 
June 11, 1776, consisted of Thomas Jeffer- 
son, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 
Roger Sherman, and R. R. Livingston. 

Thomas Jefferson wrote the original 
"Declaration," but it was very much 
amended before being adopted. 
in 



194 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

It was discussed from day to day, and on 
the 2d of July the formal " Declaration " 
of Independence was adopted in the follow- 
ing words : 

^^Resolved, That these United Colonies 
are and ought to be Free and Independent 
States; that they are absolved .from all 
allegiance to the British crown, and that all 
political connection between them and the 
State of Great Britain is, and ought to be 
totally dissolved." 

On the 4th of July, the reasons for es- 
tablishing an independent government were 
united with the " Declaration," and adopted 
in full. 

A tradition has come down to us, that 
during these anxious hours while members 
were hesitating and debating, the old bell- 
man had his hand on the rope and his little 
grandson stood where he could catch the 
first words of assurance that it was adopted, 
and at the proper time he shouted, " Ring, 
grandpa. Ring, oh Ring for Liberty." 

This bell was originally cast in 1752, and 
bore this inscription in the metal : 



THE ''DECLARATIONS 195 

" Proclaim liberty throughout all the 
land, and to all the inhabitants thereof." 

The " Declaration " was signed on the 
2d day of August by fifty-four delegates 
and subsequently by the other two. 

On the 4th of July, 1821, the fact that 
only four of the signers of the " Declara- 
tion of Independance " were still living was 
noticed in many of the newspapers. Of 
these William Floyd died thirty days after- 
ward ; John Adams and Thomas Jefferson 
died July 4, 1826, leaving Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton, Md., the only surviving 
signer. Mr. Carroll died November 14, 
1832, having reached his 96th year. 

The following story in regard to Mr. 
Carroll is worth remembering. 

His name was among the lirst written, 
and as he affixed his signature a member 
observed, " There go a few millions ;^^ but 
adding, " hoicever^ there are many Charles 
Car rolls, and the British ivill not know 
which one it is^'' Mr. Carroll immediately 
added to his name " of Ca/rrollton, and 
was ever afterward known by that title." 



Nathan Hale. 



In September 1776, Nathan Hale with 
an associate captured, near New York, a 
British sloop, laden with provisions, taking 
her at midnight from under the guns of a 
frigate, and distributing her prize goods to 
the American soldiers. 

After the retreat of the army from Long 
Island, Washington applied for a discreet 
officer to enter the enemy's lines and pro- 
cure intelligence ; Hale volunteered for the 
service. 

He passed in disguise to the British camp, 
and made full drawings and memoranda 
of all the desired information. 

On his return he was captured, taken be- 
fore Sir William Howe, by whom he was 
ordered to be executed next morning. 
His last words were, "I only regret that I 
have but one life to lose for my country." 

His whole life was one of marked noble- 
ness, and stands out in history as one of the 
most unselfish of patriots. 

Every student should read it. 
m 



Jane McCkea. 



The iinliappj fate of Jane McCrea, 
which was indirectly due to the employ- 
ment of sava.ges by the English, excited 
everywhere the deepest horror and indig- 
nation, not merely against the Indians, 
though that could hardly be increased, but 
against the invaders who had made these 
savages their allies and instruments. 

The manner of her death was at first not 
certainly known ; but as the story of her 
horrible death spread far and wide through 
the country, the romance of personal con- 
sideration gathered about this tragic inci- 
dent of war, and the feeling aroused was 
universal and intense. She was young ; she 
was beautiful ; she was gently nurtured and 
of high social position ; she was betrothed 
and about to be married to a young British 
officer by the name of Jones, a former inti- 
mate friend of Miss McCrea's brother. 
Mr. McCrea remained true, and fought for 
his country. 

Miss McCrea met a sudden death when 
in the company of two Indians, and the long 



198 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

and beautiful hair, torn from her liead, was 
shown afterward at Burgoyne's liead-quar- 
ters. So much is known to be true ; the 
following is supposed to be an accurate ac- 
count of hei* death as comj)iled by best au- 
thorities. 

Mrs. McNeal, at whose house Jane was 
visiting, near Fort Edward, received warn- 
ing that there were Indians in the neighbor- 
hood, and that she must take refuge at Fort 
Miller. A party of twent}^ men w^as sent 
as an escort for the family. 

While waiting for the household goods 
to be packed, this little party made a recon- 
noissance in the neighborhood, fell into an 
ambuscade of savages, and twelve of Lieu- 
tenant Palmer's men and himself were 
killed at the first fire. The Indians rushed 
to the house, seized Mrs. McNeal and Miss 
McCrea, mounted them on horseback, and 
started to escape. The soldiers were in 
time, however, to fire upon the Indians, be- 
fore they were quite out of reach! The 
Indians stooped, but Miss McCrea sat up- 
right and was killed, as is supposed by her 
own friends. 



Battle of Monmouth. 



It is said, this battle continued longer 
than any other during the war, following 
right along after the winter of extreme 
suffering at Yalley Forge, where we have 
in all the world's history no record of 
purer devotion, holier sincerity or more 
pious self-sacrifice, than was exhibited in 
the camp of Washington. 

If there be a spot on the face of the broad 
earth whereon patrotism should delight to 
pile its highest and most venerated monu- 
ment, it should be in the bosom of that lit- 
tle vale on the banks of the Schuylkill. 

It was on the morning of the Christian 
Sabbath when the van of the two armies 
met on the plains of Monmouth. Seldom 
has a hotter day dawned, and the fiery sun 
rose unclouded. 

General Wayne opened the bloody dra- 
ma of the day, and had he not been checked 
in mid career by the order of General Lee, 
he would have decided the fortune of the 
19d 



200 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

day in favor of the Americans in a very 
short time. The commands of Lee caused 
the wliole division to fall back, which soon 
cans 3d a retreat, and the army was only 
saved by the appearance of Washington 
who commanded in person, thus saving the 
Americans from utter defeat. During the 
heat of the day " Capt. Molly," the wife of 
a gunner, was engaged in bringing water 
from a spring to the struggling soldiers; 
her husband was killed at his gun ; she im- 
mediately dropped her pail, seized the ram- 
mer, and vowed that she would take her 
husband's place at the gun, and avenge his 
death. On the following morning, she was 
rewarded for her bravery with the commis- 
sion of sergeant, which her husband held, 
and her name was placed on the list of half- 
pay officers for life. 

The bravery of this heroine commanded 
tlie respect of all tlie othcers, and the vener- 
able widow of General Hamilton who knew 
her, says that she was often the i-ecipient of 
many presents. " Capt. Molly " (she was 
known by this name) died near Fort 
Montgomery, in the Hudson Highlands. 



John Andre. 



Arnold was the American commander at 
West Point. In his correspondence, he had 
secretly planned to give the fortress over 
to the Britisli. Major Andre was appoint- 
ed by General Clinton to carry out the 
plan and settle the terms of the contem- 
plated treachery. 

After the meeting at Haverstraw, a se- 
lected spot, being unable to return to 
Kew York by water as had been previously 
arranged, he was obliged to cross the river 
and proceed by land. 

Kear Tarrytown he was stopped and 
searched, and in his boots were found the 
papers revealing Arnold's treason. 

Andre offered, for his freedom, his horse, 
saddle, bridle, watch, and a hundred guin- 
eas. Paulding said, '^ If you would give us 
ten thousand guineas, you should not stir 
one step." 

The officer that conveyed him to Tappan 
201 



202 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Baid to Andre " I had a much loved clasfr- 
mate in Yale College by the name of 
Nathan Hale, who entered the army in 
1775." 

The important services he rendered Gen- 
eral Washington were described, and Major 
Andre was asked for the seqnel ; he an- 
swered in the following words. " He was 
hanged as a spy ; but surely you do not con- 
sider his case like mine ? " 

The building in which he was confined 
at Tappan, was of brick and is now standing, 
and bears in large figures and letters, two 
feet or more in size, on its front, this in- 
scription ; '^ 76 House." 

His trial took place in the Eeformed 
Church just across the way, which has 
since been torn down, and a larger one 
erected in its place. The scene of Andre's 
execution was about one-half mile west of 
the village and about twenty rods from the 
New Jersey line, and it took place October 
2, 1780, eight days after his capture. In 
1831, his remains were disinterred and 
taken to England. 



JOHN ANDRE, 303 

A small cedar tree that stood by the grave 
was also taken away and a box was made 
from it, lined with gold, and sent to the 
clergyman as an acknowledgement for ser- 
vices rendered at the disinterment. It bore 
the following inscription; "From his 
ErOyal Highness, the Duke of York, to the 
Eev. Mr. Demarest.^' 

A monument has lately been erected to 
mark the spot of execution and burial. 

Andre, the accomplice, suffered death. 
Arnold, the criminal was rewarded by a 
commission in the British army of Briga- 
dier-general, and six thousand three hun- 
dred and fifteen pounds sterling in money ; 
a pension of five hundred pounds sterling 
a year to Mrs. Arnold, and a hundred 
pounds a year to each of her children. 

Both England and America have reared 
monuments to the memory of Andre, but for 
noble N^athan Hale, accomplished,educated, 
young, and attractive, who suffered death 
in the same way, and technically for the 
same crime as Andre's, his countrymen have 
no monuments, no honors, and no tears for 
his memory. 



Bunker Hill Monument. 



In the centre of the grounds upon which 
the battle was fonglit, now stands the obe- 
lisk, known as Bunker Hill Monument. It 
is a square shaft built of Quincy granite, 
two hundred twenty-one feet high, thirty- 
one feet square at the base, and fifteen feet 
at the top. 

Its foundations are enclosed twelve feet 
under ground. 

Inside of the shaft is a round hollow 
cone, seven feet across at bottom and four 
feet two inches at top, encircled by a wind- 
ing staircase of two hundred ninety-four 
stone steps, which leads to a chamber im- 
mediately under the apex, eleven feet in 
diameter. 

This chamber has four windows, which 
afford a w^ide view of the surrounding 
204 • 



MONUMENW, 205 

country, and contains two cannon?, named 
respectively, Hancock and Adams, which 
were used in many engagements during the 
war. 

The corner stone of this monument w^as 
laid on the 50th anniversary of the battle, 
(when was that?) by General Lafayette, 
then the Nation's guest, when Daniel 
Webster pronounced an oration to an im- 
mense concourse of people. 

The monument was completed in 1842, 
at an expense of over $150,000 ; and just 
eighteen years from the time the corner 
stone was laid, it was dedicated, and another • 
oration was delivered by Daniel Webster. 
(In what year was that ?) 

Washington Monument. 

Baltimore is frequently designated as the 
"Monumental City.-' It contains the Wash- 
ington monument, the base of which is 
iifty feet square and thirty-live feet in 
height ; the white marble shaft rising from 
the centre of this base is a magnificent 



a06 AMERICAN SISTOMT. 

Doric column one hundred and sixty feet 
high and is surmounted by a colossal statue 
of Washington, fifteen feet high; it was 
commenced in 1809. 



Battle Monument. 

The battle monument is of white marble 
and fifty-three feet high ; and was erected 
to commemorate the memory of the citi- 
zens who fell in defence of Baltimore, 
September 12 and 13, 1814. The names 
of those who perished are inscribed upon 
this beautiful column. 

A great many other monuments have 
been erected since, by states, counties, 
towns, corporations, societies, and individu- 
als, to commemorate great events and great 
men. 



The Monitor. 



The essential feature of this vessel was a 
revolving turret composed of wrought iron 
plates an inch thick bolted together till a 
thickness of eight inches had been obtained. 
The turret was cylindrical, twenty feet in 
diameter and nine feet high, carrying two 
eleven-inch Dahlgreen guns, throwing solid 
shot weighing one hundred and sixty-six 
pounds, with a charge of fifteen pounds of 
powder. 

The hull of the vessel was entirely of iron, 
one hundred and twenty seven feet long, 
thirty-six feet wide, and twelve feet depth 
of hold. Her extreme length was one 
hundred and seventy-three feet, extreme 
width forty-one feet. Her smooth iron deck 
rose about two feet above the water, and 
there was nothing above this but the turret 
and a little box called the wheel house. 
207 



208 AMERICAN UISTORY. 

She was constructed by John Ericsson 
of New York, built at Greenpoint, Brook- 
lyn, in one hundred daj8,and cost $275,000. 

At the breaking; out of the Rebellion 
there lay in the harbor of Norfolk, Ya., one 
of the finest frigates, the Merrwiac, in the 
American navy, costing more than a million 
of dollars. Rather than have this ship fall 
into the hands of the Confederates, it was 
thought best by the officers commanding 
that it be destroyed. 

It w^as therefore sunk. The Confed- 
erates took possession of Norfolk, raised 
the Merri7nao iowwdi her machinery in good 
order, cut down her sides and converted her 
into an iron-clad, which they called the Vir- 
ginia. 

She was covered with railroad iron laid 
on an oak backing, inclined about 45° to 
the water's surface, presenting the appear- 
ance of the roof of a house. She was 
armed with ten nine-and-ten-inch guns, and 
on March 8, 1862, sailed out upon the ship- 
ping in Hampton Roads, sinking the fri- 
gate Cumberland by ramming, and subse- 



THE MONITOR, 209 

quently destroying the Congress. Tlie next 
day she resumed operations and after a con- 
test with the frigate Minnesota she was 
met by the Monitor. 

The fearful combat Lasted two hours. 
The Monitor was much more easily man- 
aged than the Virginia and could easily 
keep out of her way. The Virginia be- 
came disabled and steamed back to Norfolk, 
leaving the Monitor master of the situa- 
tion. 



SECTION XXXVI. 



Brave and Noble Words. 

Who said them, and under what circum- 
stances ? 

TO THE TEACHER. 

Select one of these expressions, have it 
memorized, associating with it as many cir- 
cumstances connected with it as possible, 
the whole to be told in the form of a story ; 
select another, then another ; in the course 
of a term or two they will be learned and 
associated with many other events. Add 
to this list others that come to your know- 
ledge, and treat them in the same manner. 

1. "British oppression has effaced the 
boundaries of the several colonies : the dis- 
tinctions between Yirginians, Pennsylva- 
nians, New Yorkers, and New Englanders 
^re no more. 

I am not a Virginian, but an American.'' 

2. " There go a few millions." 
310 



NOBLE WORDS. Jill 

3. " Proclaim liberty throughout all the 
land and to the inhabitants thereof." 

4. " Eing ! grandpa, ring ! oh ring for 
Liberty"! 

5. ^'I only regret that I have only one 
life to lose for my coumtry." 

6. " If you would give us ten thousand 
guineas, you should not stir one step." 

w^' 7. '' First in war, first in peace, and first 
in the hearts of his countrymen." 

8. " Don't give up the ship." 

9. " War be it then, millions for defence, 
but not one cent for tribute." 

10. "He was a truly honest man, as 
straightforward in action as his thoughts 
were unsophisticated." 

11. "We have met the enemy and they 
are ours." 

12. " That the American Continents 
are not subject to colonization by any Eu- 
ropean power. 

13. "The United States laws will be 
enforced at all hazards." 

14. " This is the last of earth, I am con- 
tent." 



212 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

15. '• From three and thirty years trial, 
I can &ay conscientiously, that I do not 
know in the world, a man of purer integrity, 
more dispassionate, disinterested, and de- 
voted to pure republicanism ; nor could I 
in the whole scope of America or Europe, 
point out an abler head." 

16. " That the forts in that state in com- 
mon with the other forts, arsenals, and 
other property of the United States, are in 
charge of the President, and that if assailed, 
no matter from what quarter, or under what 
pretext, it is his duty to protect them by all 
means which the law has placed at his dis- 
posal." 

IT. '' If ^i\j one haul down the Ameri- 
can Flag, shoot him on the spot." 

18. ''^0 terms other than an uncondi- 
tional surrender can be accepted." 

'^ I propose to move immediately on your 
works." 

19. ''I propose to fight it out on this line 
if it takes all summer. 

20. " Atlanta is ours and fairly won." 

21. " I beg to present you, the President, 



^/ 



NOBLE WORDS. 213 

a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, with 
one-himdred-fiftj guns, plenty of ammuni- 
tion, and also about twenty-five thousand 
bales of cotton." 

22. "The brave men, living and dead, 
who struggled here, have consecmted it far 
above our power to add or detract." 

23. You have no oatli registered in heaven 
to destroy the government ; while I shall 
have the most solemn one to preserve, pro- 
tect, and defend it." 

24. " With malice toward none, with 
charity for all, with firmness in the right as 
God gives us to see the right, etc." 

25. " Fellow Citizens, God reigns, and 
the government at Washington still lives." 



SECTION XXXVII. 



The following sketches and tables of 
Presidents, Chief Justices, Cabinet Officers, 
and English Sovereigns are not to be mem- 
orized, but are to be referred to in connec- 
tion with that part of history, in which they 
were officially recognized. 

For instance associate Alexander Hamil- 
ton with Washington, and from what has 
been learned deduce your own story. 

Associate Webster with Fillmore ; Sew- 
ard, Chase, and Stanton with Lincoln, &g. 

Associate an English Sovereign with a 
great American event, as Henry YII., 
with the discovery of America ; George III. 
with the Revolution ; Victoria with the 
present time and back to 1837. You can 
make many instructive lessons from these 

biographies and tables. 
214 



Biographical Sketches of the Presi- 
dents. 



The important points in these biogra- 
phies can readily be grouped with their 
respective administrations. 

George Washinoton. 



The first President was born February 
22, 1Y32 (that is one hundred and fifty 
years ago ;) died December 14, 1799. 

He was a surveyor, took an active part in 
the French and Indian Wars ; was a dele- 
gate to the First Continental Congress. He 
was Commander-in-Chief of the Federal 
armies of the Eevolntion ; and President of 
the convention which framed the IS'ational 

Constitution. 
215 



216 AMERICAN HJ STORY. 

Tlie words, '* First in war, jirst in peace^ 
and fi)'6t in the hearts of his countrymen" 
were :first used by General Henry Lee in a 
resolution appointing a committee .Decem- 
ber 19, 1799, to report measures suitable 
to the occasion and expressive of the Na- 
tion's profound sorrow at his decease. 

John Adams. 



The second President was born in Massa- 
chusetts, October, 1735, died July 4, 1826. 
He was a lawyer, an active patriot during 
the Revolution, a member of the "First 
Continental Congress," was sent on diplo- 
matic missions to Europe, and who the first 
Minister to England after the Revolution. 

Thomas Jefferson. 



The third President was born in Vir- 
ginia, April 2, 1743, died July 4, 1826. 

The substance of the Declaration of In- 
dependence having been agreed upon, Jef- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 217 

ferson wrote i't out in proper form. He was 
a lawyer, a member of the " Continental 
Congress " in 1775 ; and Mmister to France 
from 1784 to 1789. 

Mr. Jefferson did more than any other 
man in directing the young Eepublic in its 
infancy. 

James Madison. 



The fourtli President was born in Vir- 
ginia, March 16, 1751, died June 28, 1836. 
He was a prominent advocate of the Con- 
stitution, took an active part in the debates 
upon it, ^nd held many important posi- 
tions. His character was admirably sum- 
med up by Thomas Jefferson in the follow- 
ing words : " From three and thirty years' 
trial, I can say conscientiously that I do not 
know in the world a man of purer integrity, 
more dispassionate, disinterested, and de- 
voted to pure republicanism ; nor could I, 
in the whole scope of America or Europe, 
point out an abler head." 

Madison was a very voluminous writer. 



218 AMERICAN UISTOBT. 

His manuscripts were purchased by Con- 
gress, from his widow, for $30,000. 

James Monroe. 



The fifth President was born in Virginia, 
April 28, 1759, died in New York, July 4, 
1831. 

He entered the Continental army at the 
age of eighteen, distinguishing himself in 
1777 and 1778, in the battles of Brandy wine, 
Germantown, and Monmouth. 

He soon left the army and became active 
in legislative affairs. He opposed the 
adoption of the Constitution, being appre- 
hensive that it conferred too much power 
upon the general government. 

Monroe was a member of the first Senate, 
went to France as Minister in 1794, and 
held the the office of Governor in Vir- 
ginia. 

During his administration he promul- 
gated the measure known as the " Monroe 
doci/riyie?^ 



BIOORAPHICAL SKETCHES. 219 

John Quinoy Adams. 

The sixth President was born in Massa- 
cliusetts, July 11, 1767, died in Wasliing- 
ton, D. C, Febniary 23, IS-tS. 

At the age of eleven, Jolm Quincy went 
with liis father to France, so that his pnblic 
life dates back to that period. He held 
many important positions before being 
elected President. In 1831, after laying 
aside the Presidential honors, he was chosen 
a Representative in Congress, and continued 
to represent the same district till his death, 
which was seventeen years. 

He opposed " Xnlliiication," and was a 
friend to the slave, always taking an active 
part in legislation. , 

It was through his inliuence that the 
Smithsonian Institute v^^as organized. He 
was taken sick in the Hall of Representa- 
tives, taken to the Speaker's room, and there 
he died. His last words were, '' This is the 
last of earth, I am content." 



220 AMEBIC AN HISTORY. 

Andrew Jackson. 



The seventh President, was born in 
Korth Carolina, March 15, 1Y67, died at the 
Hermitage, near IS^ashville, Tenn., June 8, 
1845. 

Little is known of Andrew's childhood 
except that in frolicksome sports he was 
rarely excelled. It is said that his mother 
was anxious to train him for the ministry. 

At the age of thirteen he took arms in 
defence of his country, and at the age of 
fourteen, was taken a prisoner by the Brit- 
ish ; but his mother soon effected an ex- 
change and he returned to his home, 
worked in a saddler's shop for a time, after- 
wards taught scliool. He studied law, was 
admitted to practice and soon gained a great 
reputation in his profession in the wild 
regions of Tennessee. 

In 1806 a duel was fought l^etween Jack- 
son and Charles Dickinson. Jackson was 
wounded in the arm. Dickinson was mor- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 321 

tally wounded, dying the same night, May 
30. In 1812, Jackson tendered his services 
to the government, which with 2500 men 
of his division of Tennessee militia were ac- 
cepted. In one of his marches during this 
year, his soldiers gave him the name of 
" Hickory " because of his toughness ; and 
in time this was changed to "Old Hick- 
ory." Jackson was shot by Jesse Benton 
in the shoulder, on account of a quarrel that 
existed between Jackson's friend, William 
Carroll, and Jesse Benton, in which Jack- 
son had consented to be Carroll's second, 
and would have lost his left arm but for 
his indomitable will in not allowing the 
physicians to amputate it. His future 
course as a military man was marked by 
great success on the Southern battle fields 
around the Gulf of Mexico, finally culmin- 
ating in the overwhelming victory (1815) 
at New Orleans, in which the British Com- 
mander General Packenham was killed. 

Jackson was appointed Governor of Flor- 
ida (1821), which position he held tor a 
short time; was offered a position as Minis- 



222 AMERICAN HISTOR Y. 

ter to Mexico, but refused ; was elected to 
the United States Senate from Tennessee 
in 1823 ; was nominated for the Presidency 
in 1824, and received the greatest number 
of electoral votes, ninety-nine, but it not be- 
ing a majority of the whole, the election 
went to the House and John Quincy Adams 
was elected. He resigned his oflSce as 
Senator and retired from public life, but 
was elected President, 1828. 

In 1832, he vetoed the bill to re-charter 
the bank of the United States, and sup- 
pressed " Nullification "; he declared that 
the power to annul a law of the United 
States, assumed by an individual State, is 
"incompatible with the existence of the 
Union, contradicted expressly by the letter 
of the constitution, unauthorized by its 
spirit, inconsistent with every principle on 
which it was ioundedj and destructive of 
the great objects for which it was formed," 
and j}ledged himself at all events to exe- 
cute the laws. 

The foreign diplomacy of General Jack- 
son was very successful. Useful commercial 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 223 

treaties were made with several nations; 
indemnities for spoliations on American 
commerce were obtained, and during his 
second term the National debt was extin- 
guished, the Cherokees were removed from 
Georgia, and the Creeks from Florida, the 
original number of States doubled by the 
admission of Arkansas and Michigan, and 
the gold currency ojreatly increased. 

One who knew him well says "he was a 
truly honest man, and straight-forward in 
action as his thoughts were unsophisti- 
cated." 

His charities were frequent and unosten- 
tatious ; and in his last days he made an 
open profession ot those religious senti- 
ments which he had always entertained. 
His chief intellectual gifts were energy and 
intuitive judgment. 

In private life at the Hermitage, he is 
described by Benton as a careful farmer, 
overlooking everything himself, seeing that 
the fences and fields were in good order, the 
stock well attended, and the servants com-' 
fortably provided for. 



224 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

The political campaign of 1828 was un- 
doubtedly the most bitter and trying one 
this country has ever seen. Jackson's 
whole public career was severely assailed, 
and his private life was not spared. 

The circumstances of his marriage were 
grossly misrepresented, and it is said with 
fatal effect on Mrs. Jackson, who died only 
a few days after it became known that her 
husband had been elected President.' 



Martin Yax Buren. 

The eighth President was born in New 
York, December 5, 1782, died at Kinder- 
hook, July 24:, 1862. 

He began the study of law at the age of 
fourteen, was* admitted to practice 1803, was 
appointed surrogate of Columbia county 
1808,was elected to the State Senate in 1812 
and was Attorney General of the State 
1816 to 19; in 1821 he was chosen to the 
United States Senate, but resigned on be- 
ing elected Governor, in 1828. As Gov- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 225 

eruor be proposed the ''Safety Fund Bank- 
ing System" which was adopted by the legis- 
lature in 1829 ; he was Secretary of State 
under Andrew Jackson, but resigned to 
take the appointment as Minister to Eng- 
land, arriving there in September ; his ap- 
pointment was not con.iirmed by the Sen- 
ate. 

In 1S32, he w^as elected Vice-President 
and in 1836, President. The first part of 
his administration was marked by an un- 
precedented financial crisis. In 1848 he 
was nominated for the Presidency by what 
was then called the " Free soil party.'' 

William Henry Harrison. 



The ninth President of the United States 
was born in Virginia, February 9, 1773, 
died in Washington, April 4, 1841, just one 
month after his inauguration. At the age 
of nineteen he joined the army as an 
ensign, first under St. Clair, and afterwards 
under Wayne, against the- Indians, after- 



226 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

wards becoming aide-de-camp of the latter. 
In 1799 he was chosen first delegate to Con- 
gress, from the Northwestern territory. 

The territory was soon divided and he 
was appointed Governor of the new terri- 
tory of Indiana, embraeiog the present 
states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and 
Wisconsin. The battle of " Tippecanoe " 
which added mnch to Harrison's fame was 
fought ]S"ovember 7, 1811. He became 
Major-General in command of the Western 
frontier, which position he filled very ac- 
ceptably. In 1816, he was elected from 
the Cincinnati district a member oi Con- 
gress, and served three years. In 1819, he 
was elected to the State Senate, and in 
1824 to the United States Senate ; in 1828, 
was appointed Minister plenipotentiary to 
Columbia but was recalled immediately on 
Jackson's accession to the Presidency. In 
1836, he was nominated for the Presidency, 
but defeated ; on December 4, 1839, he 
was nominated the second time and for 
nearly a year the political watchwords of 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 227 

liis party were, Log Cabin and Hard Ol- 
der. His election was triumphant, he re- 
ceiving 234 electoral votes. 



John Tyler. 

The tenth President was born in Yir- 
gina, March 29, 1790, died in Richmond, 
Januarj^ IT, 1862. He graduated at Wil- 
liam and Mary's College 1807, and was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1809 ; in 1811, was 
elected to the legislature, and w^as re- 
elected for five successive years ; in 1816, 
he was elected to Congress, and was twice 
re-elected. 

He was Governor of Virginia by appoint- 
ment and election for two years, elected to 
the United States Senate in 1827, and re- 
elected in 1833. He opposed the tariff* of 
1828, and made a three days speech in 1832, 
against a tariff for protection, but favoring 
one for revenue ; he finally voted for Mr. 
Clay's compromise. 

In 1832, he avowed his sympathy with 



228 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

the "Nullification" movement in South 
Carolina. 

He was elected Vice-President in 1S40, 
and at the death of Harrison, succeeded to 
the Presidency. His inaugural address 
seemed to be satisfactory to his (the Whig) 
party, but in August he vetoed the bill in- 
corporating the " Fiscal Bank of the Uni- 
ted States," thus arraying himself against 
the party that had elected him. The Cabi- 
net appointed by President Harrison re- 
mained with him until the veto, when all 
resigned except Daniel Webster, Secretary 
of State. Mr. Webster remained until the 
important treaty with England, in regard 
to the north-eastern boundary question was 
settled, but resigned in 1843. 

Mr. Tyler favored the annexation of 
Texas, which was consummated and ap- 
proved March 1, 1845. 

At the time of his death he was a mem- 
ber of the " Confederate Congress." 

James Knox Polk. 



The eleventh President was born in 



BIOORAPHIVAL SKETCHES. 229 

North Carolina, November 2, 1795; died 
in Nashville, Tenn., June 16, 1849. He 
graduated in 1818, and was admitted to 
the bar in 1820,and chosen to the State Leg- 
islature in 1823 ; in 1825, he was elected 
to Congress, and soon became a conspicu- 
ous opponent of the administration of John 
Quincy Adams. He served fourteen 
years in Congress, and was Speaker for 
two terms, commencing 1835 and 1837. 
Was elected President in 1844, and came 
into office at a very exciting time, (three 
days after the annexation of Texas). Mr. 
Polk, in his inaugural address, declared 
that ''our title to Oregon was clear -and 
unquestionable." The sentiment prevailed 
quite extensively that we would have the 
territory as far north as " 54° 40', or fight." 
Bat after an investigation, the President 
directed his Secretary of State to oifer as a 
boundary the parallel of 49°,' which was 
accepted by the English government when 
modified so as to give that government 
the whole of Vancouver's Island. The 
war with Mexico was prosecuted with 



280 AMEIilGAN HISTORY. 

energy, and resulted in the defeat of the 
Mexican armies, and a settlement by treaty 
in which the United States acquired Cali- 
fornia, New Mexico, etc. 

Mr. Polk was grave, hut unostentatious 
andjamiable, and his private character was 
pure and upriglit. 

In a little more than three months after 
leaving the Presidency, he w^as seized with 
illness, and in a few days died. 

Zachary Taylor. 

^The twelfth President of the United 
States was born in Virginia, September 24, 
1784; died at Washington, D. C, July 
9, 1850. 

He was a leading general in the Mexi- 
can war, and the hero of Buena Yista, 
Palo Alto, A,nd Pesaca de la Palma, and 
was called by his soldiers, " Old Rough 
and Ready." He took the oath of office 
on Saturday and was inaugurated on Mon- 
day, March 5, 1849. The admission of 
California as a state was one of the great 



BIOGRAPHIGAL SKETCHES. 231 

questions of interest at that time, inas- 
much as California had adopted a free 
state constitution, and there were an equal 
number of free and slave states (fifteen 
each), and the admission of California 
would give the free states a preponderance 
in the Senate. 

President Taylor in his message recom- 
mended the admission of California, and 
that other territories form state constitu- 
tions, with or without slavery, as best 
suited themselves. 

This brought out Henry Clay's compro- 
mise of 1850 (sometimes called the " Om- 
nibus Bill "), which passed September 9, 
1850, when California was admitted as a 
state. While this bill was before Con- 
gress, President Taylor was taken sick 
(July 4), dying the 9th. 

Millard Fillmore. 



The thirteenth President of the United 
States was born in New York, January 7, 
1800 ; died in Buffalo, March 8, 1874. 



232 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

At the ase of fourteen, he was appren- 
ticed to learn the fuller's trade. In 1819, 
he resolved to study law, but having yet 
two years' apprenticeship to serve, he suc- 
ceeded in getting released from the last 
two years by promising to pay his em- 
ployer $30. In 1821, he went on foot to 
Buffalo, where he arrived an entire 
stranger, with only $1 in his pocket. By 
severe drudgery, teaching school, and 
working as best he could, he passed 
through his course ot study, was admitted 
to the bar, and in a few years stood high 
in his profession. 

From 1828, and forward, he served three 
successive terms in the legislature of his 
state. 

He was elected to Congress in 1832, 
1836, 1838 and 1840 ; and was the author 
of the tariff of 1842. 

In 1847, he was elected Comptroller of 
the State of New York; and in 1848, 
Yice-President of the United States. 

In 1826, Mr. Calhoun then Vice-Presi- 
dent, had established the rule that that 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 033 

officer had no power to call Senators to 
order. During the stormy debates on the 
admmission of California, in which the 
most acrimonious language was used, Mr. 
Fillmore in a speech to the senate announced 
his determination to preserve order, and 
that, should occasion require, he should re- 
verse the usage of his predecessors upon 
that subject. 

Mr. Fillmore became President and took 
the oath of office July 10, 1850. 

It was during his term that the execu- 
tion of the fugitive slave law was resisted, 
and the slaves rescued from the custody of 
marshals, at Boston, Syracuse, and Christ- 
iana, Penn., in the last of which places one 
or two persons were killed. 

Prosecutions were instituted against the 
rescuers in various instances, but without 
convictions, owing to the unpopularity of 
the law. 

One important movement was the re- 
commendation, that Congress reduce con- 
siderably the rates of postage, and another 
was the expedition of Commodore Perry 



234 AMEBIC AN HISTORY. 

to Japan, in a squadron which sailed in 
the Autumn of 1852, and which resulted 
in a favorable treaty with that country. 



Franklin Pierce. 



The fourteenth President of the United 
States was born in New Hampshire, No- 
vember 23, 1804, died in Concord, October 
8, 1869. 

He graduated from Bowdoin College in 
1824, was admitted to practice law 1827. 
From 1829 to 1833, he represented his 
town in the State Legislature ; and during 
the last two years was Speaker of the 
House. 

He was elected to Congress in 1833, and 
1835. In 1837, he was elected to the Uni- 
ted States Senate of which he was the 
youngest member, being a little over legal 
age. 

He was a Brigadier-General in the Mexi- 
can War, and led his men in the battle of 
Churubusco, refusing to quit the field al- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 2^5 

though severely injured by the falling of 
his horse. He resumed the practice of 
law, and continued in it until his election 
to the Presidency, *his term commencing 
March 4, 1853. 

Among the important events of his ad- 
ministration were the settling of the dis- 
pute respecting the boundary between the 
United States and Mexico, resulting in the 
acquisition of Arizona ; the exploration of 
the routes proposed for railroads from the 
Mississippi to the Pacific; the amicable 
settlement of a serious dispute with Great 
Britian about the fisheries ; the affair of 
Martin Koszta ; the repeal of the Missouri 
Compromise ; the " Ostend Conference," 
the treaty negotiated at Washington in 
1855, between the United States and Great 
Britian, providing for commercial recipro- 
city between this country and Canadian 
provinces ; and the treaty with Japan. 

Sailors wrecked upon the coast of Japan 
had been harshly treated by the authorities 
of that country. The proceedings of Com. 
Perry were characterized throughout by 



236 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

diplomatic skill, and were finally crowned 
with success, resulting in a treaty signed 
at Yokohoma, March 31, 1854, *' opening 
the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate as har- 
bors of refuge, supply, trade, and consular 
residence." Other ports were opened after- 
ward. 

James Buchanan. 



The fifteenth President of the United 
States was born in Pennsylvania, April 
22,1791; died at Lancaster, Penn., June 
1, 1868. 

He was elected to the Pennsylvania Leg- 
islature in 1814, and in 1821 was elected 
to Congress, where he remained ten years. 

In 1831, President Jackson sent him to 
St. Petersburg as minister plenipotentiary^ 
making the first commercial treaty be- 
tween United States and Kussia, which 
secured to our merchants and navigators 
important privileges in the Baltic and 
Black seas. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 237 

In 1833, he was elected to the United 
States Senate, holding that position until 
appointed Secretary of State by President 
Polk. 

Mr. Buchanan and Mr. Packenham were 
instrumental in settling the Northwestern 
boundary on the parallel of 49° ; and it 
was so recommended by President Polk. 

He was appointed by President Pierce 
minister to England. A part of his mis- 
sion was the Central American question 
which the Clayton-Buliver ,treaty had not 
settled, and in conference with Messrs. 
Mason and Soule, ministers to Spain and 
France, at Ostend, Austria, the famous 
paper called the " Ostend Manifesto " was 
issued. 

In 185G, Mr. Buchanan was elected 
President. The Kansas difficulties were 
upon the nation, and as his administration 
drew to a close it was evident that a sec- 
tional conflict was pending. It was dur- 
ing his term tiiat the Dred* Scott decision 
was made (1857), and also the John Brown 
raid into Virginia (1859). After these 



238 , AMERICAN HISTORY. 

troubles commenced the President argued 
that the constitution had given to Con- 
gress " No power to coerce into submisaion 
any state which is attempting to withdraw, 
or has actually withdrawn from the Con- 
federacy." 

On the secession of South Carolina, she 
sent commissioners to treat with the Pres- 
ident for the delivery of the public prop- 
erty in that state, and to negotiate for the 
continuance of peace and amity between 
that commonwealth and the government 
at Washington. The President replied 
'' That he had no power to enter upon such 
negotiations, and would only submit the 
whole question to Congress." Mr. Holt, 
Secretary of War, by order of the Presi- 
dent wrote the Governor of North Caro- 
lina, " That the forts in that state, in com- 
mon with the other forts, arsenals, and 
other property of the United States, are in 
charge of the President, and that if as- 
sailed, no matter from what quarter, or 
under what pretext, it is his duty to pro- 
tect them by all the means which the law 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 239 

has placed at his disposal." After retiring 
from the Presidency, he resided at Lan- 
caster, Penn.. till the time of his death. 



Abraham Lincoln. 



The sixteenth President was born in 
Kentucky, 1809 ; died in Washington, D. 
C, April 15, 1865. The family removed 
to Indiana in 1816, the mother dying in 
1818. 

Young Lincoln was a strong boy and 
worked with his father clearing up the 
new farm. He attended school only one 
year, became expert in figures, and read 
carefully all the books within his reach. 

After becoming of age, he spent several 
years in jobbing, clearing land, and all 
sorts of manual labor. He was six feet 
four inches high, and noted for his im- 
mense strength and agility, and his skill 
as a wrestler. 

His first speech was made about 1830, 



240 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

and was delivered extemporaneously in 
reply to one by a candidate for the Legis- 
lature by the name of Posey. 

The family just about this time moved 
to Illinois. 

He enlisted as a private in a company 
raised for the Black Hawk War, and was 
at once chosen Captain. 

He was elected to the Legislature in 
1834, re-elected in 1836, 1838, and 1840 ; 
admitted to the bar in 1837. He became 
noted tor his ability in jury trials, and 
finding that legislative service interfered 
with his practice, declined another re-elec- 
tion. 

He was an ardent admirer of Henry 
Clay, and was sorely disappointed at his 
defeat for the Presidency in 1844. 

In 1846, he was elected to Congress ; in 
1849, he introduced a bill for abolishing 
slavery in the District of Columbia, and 
compensating the slave owners, provided 
a majority of the citizens should vote in 
favor of it. 

From 1855 to 1858, Mr. Lincoln and 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 241 

Douglas discussed frequently the issues 
before the country, quite often appearing 
upon the same platform in a debate. 

Both were candidates for the office of 
United States Senator in 1858 ; Mr. 
Douglas was chosen by the Legislature. 

In 1860, Mr. Lincoln was elected Presi- 
dent. Being informed of a plot to assassi- 
nate him on his way through Baltimore, 
at the urgent solicitation of his friends, he 
went through on an earlier train than the 
one named, reaching Washington in 
Balety. In his inaugural address are found 
the following paragraphs : 

"In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-country- 
men, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of 
civil war. 

" The government will not assail you. You can 
have no conflict without being yourselves the ag- 
gressors. You have no oath registered in heaven 
to destroy the government; while I shall have the 
most solemn one to preserve, protect, and defend it. " 

The civil war was upon the country, and 
Mr. Lincoln was hard pressed by many 
parties to do this or that, but he listened 
candidly to all their pleadings, and then 
did what he thought best for the country. 



242 AMERICAN niSTORY. 

In August, 1862, Mr. Greeley addressed 
an open letter to the President, and re- 
ceived the following reply : 

" My paramount object is to save the Union, and 
not either to save or destro^^ slavery. If I could 
save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would 
do it; and if I could d© it by freeing some and leav- 
ing others alone, I would also do that. 

"I shall try to correct errors when shown to be 
errors ; and I shall adopt new views as fast as they 
shall appear to be true views. 

"I have stated my purpose according to my 
views of official duty, and I intend no modification 
of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men 
everywhere should be free." 

Mr. Lincoln had decided that as soon as 
there was a federal victory, he would move 
in the matter; consequently, five days 
after the battle of Antietara (September 
22, 1862), he published his first proclama- 
tion, requesting all those who were in arms 
against the government to retire quietly 
and peaceably to their homes, and they 
would be protected in all their rights and 
property ; but in case of their refusal so 
to do, he would, on the first of January, 
1863, issue an Emancipation Proclamation. 

The ofi'er was not accepted, and January 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 243 

1, 1863, a document, second onl)^ to the 
^' Declaration of Independence," was pub- 
lished to the world. 

The war progressed, and soon victories 
began to follow defeat. 

On the 19th of November, 1863, Presi- 
dent Lincoln made a brief address, which 
is, perhaps, the finest ever delivered on a 
similar occasion, and should become famil- 
iar to the entire English-reading world : it 
was at the dedication of the Gettysburg 
(Pa.) cemetery, and in the following words : 

I "Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers 
brought forth upon this continent a new nation, 
conceived in liberty and dedicated to'the proposition 
that all men are created equal. Now we are en- 
gaged in a great civil war, testing whether that 
nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, 
can long endure. 

' ' We are met on a great battle-field of that war. 
We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as 
a final resting place for those who here gave their 
lives that that nation might live. 

" It is altogether fitting and proper that we should 
. do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, 
we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. 
The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here 
have consecrated it far above our power to add or 
detract. The world will little note, nor long re- 
member^ what we say here ; but it can never for- 
get what they did here. 



1844 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

" It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated 
here to the unfinished work which they who fought 
here have thus far so nobly advanced. 

"It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the 
great task remaining before us; that from these 
honored dead we take increased devotion to that 
cause for which they gave the last full measure of 
devotion; that we here highly resolve that these 
dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, 
under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and 
that government of the people and by the people 
shall not perish from the earth. " \^, 

The strugfi^le went on, and President 

Lincoln advanced just as fast as the country 

would sustain him ; and as the people felt 

more and more confident of success, they 

again called him to be their ruler and 

guide for another four years. 

In his second inaugural, among other 

things, he said, 

"With malice toward none, and charity for all, 
with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the 
right, let us finish the work we are in, to bind up 
the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have 
borne the battle, and for his widow and his orphans, 
to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and 
lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations." 

The struggle being about over, the Presi- 
dent felt the heavy burden somewhat re- 
moved ; and just as the clouds were show- 
ing their silver lining, and he was about 



BIOGBAPEICAL SKETCHES. 245 

to look beyond and see the bright future, 
the assassin's bullet did its work, and his 
eyes closed in death. 



Andreav Johnson. 



The seventeenth President of the United 
States was born in North Carolina, 1808 ; 
died July 31, 1875. 

At the age of 10, he was apprenticed to 
Mr. Selby, a tailor. He learned to read, 
and devoted his leisure time to the perusal 
of such books as he could get. In 1826, 
he went to Tennessee, and married at the 
age of twenty ; and under his wife's in- 
structions, he learned to write and cipher. 
In 1828, he began to take an active part 
in politics. A student of Greenville col- 
lege says this : 

" On approaching the village, there stood on the 
hill by the highway a solitary, little house about ten 
feet square. 

" It contained a bed, two or three stools, and a 
tailor's platform. 

** Here we delighted to stop, because one lived 



246 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

here whom we knew outside the school, and made 
us welcome; one who would amuse us by his social 
good nature, taking more than ordinary interest in 
catering to our pleasure." 

He was elected to the Legislature' of 
Tennessee in 1835; he opposed a bill appro- 
priating $4,000,000 for internal improve- 
ments, mostly for macadamized and turn- 
pike roads. The bill became a law, and 
was so popular that he was not returned 
in 1837; but the evils he predicted de- 
veloped themselves, and in 1839 he was 
re-elected. In 1841, he was elected to the 
State Senate. In 1843, he was elected a 
Representative in Congress. 

In 1853, he was elected Governor of 
Tennessee, and again in 1855. In 1857, 
he became United States Senator. In 1861, 
he was burnt in effigy in many of the cities 
of his State. 

In 1862, he was appointed military Gov- 
ernor of Tennessee by President Lincoln ; 
he issued several proclamations and warn- 
ings, but they produced little effect on the 
secession element in Tennessee. He was 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 247 

elected Vice-President in 1864, and on 
the death of Lincoln, became President. 

The important events of his administra- 
tion will be found elsewhere. lie was not 
in sympathy with the party that elected 
him, hence frequent political collisions 
occurred. 

Ulysses S. Grai^t. 



The eighteenth President of the United 
States was born in Ohio in 1822. 

He entered West Point military acad- 
emy in 1839, graduating in 1843, ranking 
21st in a class of 39. In 1845, he was 
ordered to Texas and commissioned lieu- 
tenant, taking active part in the battle of 
Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, 
and Vera Cruz. 

In 1852, he accompanied his regiment 
to California and Oregon, and while at 
Fort Vancouver, in 1853, he was commis- 
sioned captain. 

When the Civil War broke out, he was 



248 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

chosen to command a company of volnn- 
teers. He soon became colonel ; and Au- 
gust 23, 1861, he was promoted to brigadier- 
general, and assumed Gommand of the 
troops at Cairo. 

He seized Paducah, at the mouth of the 
Cumberland. He moved, February, 1862, 
for the capture of Forts Donelson and 
Henry. 

They were soon captured ; and Fort 
Donelson with all its defenders, except 
General Floyd's brigade, yielded the first 
brilliant and substantial victory that had 
crowned the Federal arms. 

He was now commissioned major-general 
from the fact that " He proposed to move 
immediately on their works," and did so. 
Then followed the battle of Pittsburg 
landing, where, it is said, the loss on each 
side was about 12,000 : the enemy, de- 
feated, withdrew to Corinth, and before 
that could be attacked, the Confederates 
evacuated it. 

The department was extended by taking 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 249 

in Yicksburg, which was surrendered July 
4, 1863, with 27,000 soldiers. 

Congress passed a bill March 1, 1864:, 
which became a law, reviving the office of 
Lieutenant- General. General Grant was 
immediately appointed to that position, 
and confirmed. 

With 700,000 men under his command, 
Grant planned two campaigns, one under 
General Meade, to operate against Rich- 
mond — defended by General Lee—, the 
other under General Sherman, against At- 
lanta — defended by General Johnston. 

The principal events of these campaigns, 
are found under the proper date in Lincoln's 
administration. The whole thing culmi- 
nated in the surrender of Lee at Appomat- 
tox, followed shortly by the surrender of 
Johnston's army. 

General Grant was elected President in 
1868, receiving 214 electoral votes, against 
80 cast for Horatio Seymour. During the 
last session of the 42d Congress, 1872, the 
salary of the President was doubled, and 
those of the Yice-Presideot, Speaker of the 



260 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

House, Justices of the Supreme Court, and 
Cabinet Officers were increased 25 per cent. 
For leading events see President Grant's 
administration. 

At the close of his second term, in 1877, 
he made the tour of the whole civilized 
world, visiting especially all the great na- 
tions of Europe and Asia, and receiving, as 
a great soldier and civilian of the United 
States, all the honors which rulers and 
people could bestow. 

As the unofficial representative of his 
country, in the nations he visited, his bear- 
ing was such as to win universal admira* 
tion and respect. 

His intercourse, moreover, with the 
rulers and other representative men abroad, 
was, no doubt, calculated to remove the 
prejudices and strengthen the good-will of 
foreign nations toward the great Repub- 
lic of the New World. 

On the return to his own country, he 
was greeted with magnificent demonstra- 
tions, and as he passed from city to city, 
he met with most cordial greetings. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 261 

RUTHERFOKD B. HaYES. 



The nineteenth President was born in 
Ohio, October 4, 1822. He is of Scottish 
descent, and it is said that some of his an- 
cestors of noble blood fought side by side 
with Robert Bruce, 

He graduated at Kenjon College in 
1842, and stood among the first in his class; 
was admitted to the bar at Marietta, Ohio, 
in 1845 ; removed to Cincinnati in 1849, 
and soon gained a remunerative practice. 

In 1861, when the Eebellion broke out, 
his position at the bar was of the first rank, 
but he resolved to take part in the defence 
of his country. 

He was commissioned major of the 23d 
Ohio volunteers. He took a prominent 
part in various expeditions necessary for 
the defence of the post where he was sta- 
tioned. He was promoted, but he preferred 
to remain with the 23d, which had been in- 
corporated with Burnside's command in 
the army of the Potomac. 



263 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Lee was now advancing toward Mary- 
land, and the first effort to resist him was 
at South Mountain, where the 23d, led by 
Hayes, was hotly engaged. More than 
one hundred of his command fell dead or 
woundedj under the enemy's fire, and his 
own arm was broken. He was engaged 
in several other battles, and his achieve- 
ments in the war made him exceedingly 
popular in Ohio. 

He was elected by a large majority to 
Congress, but refused to take his seat until, 
as he said, he could " come by the way 
of Richmond." 

He was re-elected to Congress in 1866. 
In 1867, he was elected Governor of Ohio, 
and again, in 1869, by an increased ma- 
jority. He was elected for the third time 
in 1876, and while in office was nominated 
and elected President of the United States. 

In his inaugural address, he marked out 
briefly his line of action, acknowledging 
that he owed his election to the suffrage 
and zealous labors of a political party, but 
he was mindful of the fact " That he serves 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 253 

his party most who serves his country best." 
He was the first among all the Presi- 
dents to announce, at the commencement 
of his term, that he was not a candidate 
for reelection. 

Mr. Hayes deemed it his duty to with- 
draw the troops that had been stationed at 
points in Louisiana and South Carolina, 
doing it upon the ground that there did 
not exist in those states " such domestic 
violence as is contemplated by the consti- 
tution as the ground upon which the mili- 
tary power of the National Government 
may be invoked for the defence of a state." 

He was not sustained by many promi- 
nent members of his party, but time has 
abundantly vindicated alike the rightful- 
ness and wisdom of his action. 

Upon most questions he was in harmony 
with the party that elected him, and by 
his unflinching exercise of the veto power, 
the country was prepared to return to 
specie payments ; and measures calculated 
to postpone or prevent the desired object 
were thwarted. 



S54 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Kutherford B. Hajes and Ulysses S. 
Grant are the only ex-Presidents now 
(1882) living. 



James A. Garfield. 



The twentieth President was born in 
Ohio, November 19, 1831 ; died atFranck- 
lyn cottage, Long Branch, September 19, 
1881. 

The father died when James was only 
two years old.. His boyhood was spent in 
laboring on the farm and wood-chopping 
during the summer, to assist in the sup- 
port of the family, and in attending the 
pioneer district school about three months 
during each winter. When fourteen years 
old, he learned the carpenter's trade. His 
seventeenth summer was spent as a driver 
and helmsman on the Ohio canal. 

After attending a seminary for one term,, 
he commenced teaching in a district school ; 
and after his first term in the seminary, he 
received no pecuniary aid, except seven- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 255 

teen dollars — all that his mother could 
possibly spare him — during his whole 
school life. 

While in the school at Hiram, from 1851, 
three years of his life were spent in per- 
forming, at first, the double duties of stu- 
dent and janitor, then student and teacher. 
When he left Williams College, he was in 
debt five hundred dollars, which he after- 
w^ards faithfully discharged. 

In 1858, he married Miss Lucretia Ku- 
dolph, a teacher, whose thorough culture 
in the classics, modern languages, and lit- 
erature, has enabled her to keep even pace 
w^ith her husband in his literary career. 
He was President of Hiram GoUege from 
1857 to 1861. 

He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 
1859, and was admitted to the bar during 
his second year in the Senate. 

He went into the army in 1861, being 
in service two years and three months. 

In 1863, he took his seat in the House 
of Representatives, being elected for nine 
consecutive terms. 



256 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

The 3^ear 1880 witnessed General Gar- 
field's preferment to two of the highest 
official positions in the gift of the Ameri- 
can people, — United States Senator from 
Ohio, and President of the United States. 
He entered upon the duties of the second, 
March 4, 1881, the first passing into other 
hands. 

On the day after the assassination of 
President Lincoln, just as the great throng 
in Wall street was surging to and fro, there 
appeared in the midst of the crowd James 
A. Garfield, who uttered these immortal 
words which immediately quelled the pas- 
sions of *the assembled multitude : 

"Fellow citi/.eiis! Clouds and darkness are 'round 
about him! His pavilion is dark waters and thick 
clouds of skies! Justice and judgment are the es- 
tablishment of his throne ! Mercy and truth shall 
go before his face ! 

"Fellow citizens, God reigns, and the Government 
at Washington still liv^es. " 

The life of James A. Garfield is the 
fullest exemplification of the possibilities 
of American citizenship on record. 

He began life in the Ohio forest, poor 
as the poorest, and by his own exertion, 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 257 

ability, and cliaracter he made his way 
upward to the highest, place, which he had 
just entered upon, when stricken down 
July 2 by the bullet of Guiteau. 

The sufferer was careful to direct that 
his aged mother be kept constantly advised 
of his condition. Midway between his 
wounding and his death, he took advan- 
tage of his strength to send assurances of 
his loving remembrance to his mother. 
Slightly propped up in bed, he wrote : 

Washingt.on, D. C, August 11, 1881. 
Dear Mother: 

Don't be disturbed by conflicting reports about 
my condition. It is true I am still weak and on 
my back, ))ut I am gaining every day, and need 
only time and patience to bring me through. 

Give my love to all the relatives and friends, and 
especially to sisters Kitty and Mary. 
Your loving son, 

James A. Garfield. 
Mrs. Eliza Garfield, Hiram, Ohio. 

The following extract, from the pen of 

Mrs. Ellen Key Blunt, daughter of the 

author of " The Star Spangled Banner," is 

worth remembering : 

' ' Fame has recorded him. 

Love has rewarded him, 

Mother, wife, children, and people wept over him. 



2^58 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

England accounted him 

Kindred by blood. 

All that are great and good 

Have as his mourners stood, 

While he lay. day by day, passing away. 

A Queen sends comforting words of cheer, 

And flowers to fade on his bloody bier, 

God save the Queen when her last hour is near. 



Chester A. Arthur. 



The twenty-first President was born in 
Vermont, October 5, 1830. 

His father was a clergyman, a graduate 
of Belfast College, Ireland. He was suc- 
cessful as a preacher, and in authorship he 
made some mark. 

Chester A. Arthur graduated at Union 
College in 1848 : while there he attained a 
high rank in his classes, being an industri- 
ous student, meanwhile earning much of 
the money for paying his expenses by 
teaching school. 

He studied law, and was admitted to 
the bar in 1852. Two of the most notable 
cases in which Mr. Arthur participated in 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, Wd 

a professional way, had connection with 
the colored race. The first was the cele- 
brated Lemmon suit. The Lemmons were 
Virginia slave-holders, who visited New 
York in 1852, with eight slaves, intending 
to take a steamer for Texas. 

These slaves were liberated on a writ of 
hobbeas corjnis ; an appeal was taken, in 
which the Attorney General of Virginia 
and Charles O'Connor were the attorneys 
for the slave-holders, and Wm. M. Evarts 
and Chester A. Arthur for the slaves. 

The slave-holders were beaten. The 
second case arose in 1856, in regard to 
rejecting Lizzie Jennings, a colored woman, 
from a car on Fourth Avenue Kailroad, 
N. Y. A suit was brought for damages, 
and Mr. Arthur appeared for the colored 
woman and won the case : this victory 
opened all the cars of New York City to 
the colored people. 

During the Civil War, he served on the 
staff of Governor E. D. Morgan, as Quar- 
termaster-General ; and no higher encomium 
could be passed upon him than to say that 



260 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

all bis accounts were audited without the 
deduction of a single dollar. 

He returned again to the practice of 
law, in which he was eminently successful. 
He was appointed Collector of the Port of 
New York, which office he held till 1878, 
again resuming the practice of law. Was 
elected Yice-President, and entered upon 
the duties of the office, March 4, 1881 ; and 
September 20, 1881, became President. 
During President Garfield's illness, he 
often expressed himself in an emphatic 
manner, hoping that the duties of the 
office would not devolve upon him ; and 
once, when calling upon Mrs. Garfield to 
condole with her in her sorrow, said, *' God 
knows, madam, I do not wish to be Presi- 
dent ! " 

When the martyred chieftain's mantle 
fell upon President Arthur's shoulders, as 
the new President, he spoke out frankly, 
and the people caught up the bold lan- 
guage, till peace and quiet prevailed all 
through the land. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 261 

In his inaugural, he said : 

"All the noble aspirations of my lamented prede- 
cessor, which found expression in his life ; the meas- 
ures devised and suggested during his brief adminis- 
tration, to correct abuses and enforce economy; to 
advance prosperity and promote general welfare; 
to insure domestic security, and maintain friendly 
and honorable relations with the nations of the 
earth, will be garnered in the hearts of the people; 
and it will be my earnest endeavor to profit, and see 
that the nation shall profit, by his example and 
experience." 

President Arthur attended the centen- 
nial anniversary of the battle of Yorktown, 
October 19 ; addressed the assembled thou- 
sands there : his administration has had a 
hearty approval thus far, and bids fair to 
go on to a successful termination. 



SECTION XXXVIII. 



Chief Justices of the Supreme Court op 
THE United States. 

1. John Jay, 

Of New Yorh, From 1789 to l^m—aix 
years. 

He was born December 12, 1745 ; died 
May 17, 1829. He was of Huguenot 
descent. 

Jay was the youngest member, but one, 
in the first *' Continental Congress" that 
met at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, 
1774, and participated largely in the de- 
bates of the session ; he was a member of 
the second "Continental Congress," and 
was a member of the committee of three 
appointed to draft an address to the people 
263 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 2G3 

of Canada^ soliciting their co-operation in 
the contest which had now become inevi- 
table. He held important positions on 
many other committees. Was a member 
of the committee to frame the first consti- 
tution for the State of New York, the 
report and draft of which were principally 
his own work ; was appointed Minister 
to Spain in 1779 ; in 1782, went to Paris 
to assist in negotiating a treaty with Great 
Britain. Of his colleagues^ Franklin only 
was there at first, the other being detained 
on account of sickness and business. The 
primary work of the treaty devolved upon 
Jay and Franklin. 

In 1794, he was appointed a special 
Minister to England ; and with Lord Gren- 
ville the difiiculties growing out of unset- 
tled boundaries and attacks on American 
commerce were arranged. 

While absent, his friends in New York 
nominated and elected him Governor by 
a very large majority, which was ofiicially 
announced two days before his arrival in 
New York ; he held the office for six years. 



264 . AMERICAN BISTORT. 

In 1800, lie was again nominated, and 
confirmed by the Senate, to his former 
oflSce of Chief Justice, but he firmly de- 
clined, and bade adieu to public life. 

His public reputation as a patriot and 
statesman of the revolution was second 
only to that of Washington. 



2. John Rutledge, 

Of South Carolina. 1795 — one term of 
court. 



He was appointed during a recess of the 
Senate, 1795 ; presided on the bench for one 
term only; when the Senate convened, it 
refused to confirm his nomination. 

He was born in Charleston in 1739, and 
died in 1800. 

He was in both of the Continental Con- 
gresses in 1774 and 1775. 

Wlien Fort Moultrie was attacked in 
June, he sent to it 400 pounds of powder, 
against the advice of General Lee, and di- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 265 

reeled Colonel Moultrie not to evacuate it 
without an order from him. 

He was elected to Congress, appointed 
Associate Judge of the Supreme Court of 
the United States, and Chief Justice of 
South Carolina; but the Senate, for political 
reasons, refused to confirm his nomination 
as Chief Justice of the United States. 



3. Oliver Ellsworth, ♦ 

Of Connecticut, From 1796 to 1800— 
four years. 



He was born in 1745; died in 1807; 
was a member of the convention that 
framed the National Constitution, and a 
member of the United States Senate from 
1789 to 1796. 

He was appointed envoy to France, re- 
signed his office as Chief Justice, and with 
his associates negotiated a treaty with the 
French. Was afterward appointed Chief 
Justice of Connecticut, which office he de- 
clined on account of his feeble health. 



AMERICAN HISTOllY. 



4. John Marshall, 

Of Virginia. Froml^OO to lS35—thirty- 
Jive years. 



He was born in 1755 ; died, 1835. He 
joined the military in 1775, and was 
conneoled with the " Culpepper minute 
men," who wore green hunting shirts with 
Liberty or Death in white letters upon the 
bosom, and whose banner displayed a 
coiled rattlesnake, with the motto, " Don't 
tread on me." He was in the battles of 
Brandy wine. Germ an town, and Monmouth, 
and shared the liardships and sufferings of 
Yalley Forge. 

He occupied many important positions 
in Congress and out of it. It is said that 
Marshall was in person ungraceful, and in 
dress and bearing presented the appearance 
of a plain countryman, ^'Ct no one was a 
greater social favorite. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 267 



5. Roger B. Taney, 

Of Maryland. From 1836 to 1864: — 
tvnenty -eight years. 



He was born in 1777 ; died in Washing- 
ton, 1864. 

Mr. Taney was a firm friend of Andrew 
Jackson in the bank controversy in 1833, 
in regard to removing the deposits there- 
from to the state banks ; and was appointed 
Secretary of the Treasury for that purpose; 
but the Senate, when it convened, refused 
to confirm the nomination. The most 
noted decision, while he was Chief Justice, 
was in the " Dred-Scott case." 

6. Salmon P. Chase, 
Of Ohio. From 1864 to 1873 — nine years. 



Mr. Chase was born in New Hampshire, 
1808 ; died in New York, 1873. 



268 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

He was a strong anti-slavery man, and 
on several occasions had been attorney for 
persons claimed as fugitive slaves. 

He acted with the '' Liberty Party " in 
1844, and was President of the Free Soil 
convention that nominated Martin Van 
Buren in 1848; was elected Senator from 
Ohio in 1849. He opposed the repeal of 
the Missouri Compromise, and took a lead- 
ing part in its discussion ; was elected 
Governor of Ohio in 1855, and in 1857 
was re-elected by the largest vote that had 
ever been given for a governor of Ohio. 
The financial policy that carried the nation 
through the war was mainly the work of 
Mr. Chase. 

Mr. Chase, as Chief Justice, presided 
at the trial of President Johnson, who 
had been impeached by the House of Kep- 
resentatives. 

7. Morrison R. Waite, 
Of Ohio. From 1874 to the j) resent time. 



He was born in Connecticut in 1816. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, 269 

In 1871 and '72, he was one of the counsel 
of the United States before the tribunal of 
arbitration at Geneva, where he displayed 
much legal abilit3^ 



SECTION XXXIX. 



Cabinet Officers. 

The following are the names of the cabi- 
net officers, appointed by the Presidents 
at the •commencement of their several 
terms ; many of these served for four years 
or more ; in some instances, men were ap- 
pointed who never qualified ; the table 
shows mainly those that rendered consider- 
able length of service. 



George Washington's Cabinet. 



First Term. 

Thomas Jefferson.Virginia.. Secretary of State. 
Alex. Hamilton, New York.Sec'y of the Treasury. 
Henry Knox, Massachusetts .Secretary of War. 

Samuel Osgood, Mass Postmaster General. 

Edmund Randolph, Virginia. Attorney General. 
370 



CABINET OFFICERS. 271 

Second Term. 
Edmund Randolph, Virginia. Secretary of State. 
Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut. Sec'y of the Treasury. 
Timothy Pickering, Penn. ..Secretary of War. 
Joseph Habersham, Georgia. -Postmaster General. 
William Bradford, Penn Attorney General. 



John Adams's Cabinet. 

Timothy Pickering, Penn. . . Secretary of State. 
Oliver Wolcott, Connecticut. -Sec'y of the Treasury. 
JohnMcHenry, Maryland.. -Secretary Of War. 
Benj. Stoddert, Mary land.. -Secretary of the Navy. 
Joseph Habersham, Georgia. Postmaster General. 
Charles Lee, Virginia. Attorney General. 

The office ol Secretary of the Navy was 
created in 1798. 



Thomas Jefferson's Cabinet. 

First Termj. 

James Madison, Virginia Sec'y of State. 

Albert Gallatin, Penn Sec'y of the Treasury. 

Henry Dearborn, Mass Secretary of War. 

Robert Smith, Maryland Secretary of the Navy. 

Gideon Granger, Conn't Post Master General. 

Levi Lincoln, Massachusetts -Attorney General. 



272 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Second Term. 

James Madison, Virginia Secretary of State. 

George W. Campbell, Tenn..Sec'y of the Treasury. 

Henry Dearborn, Mass Secretary of War. 

Jacob Crowningshield, Mass. -Secretary of the Navy. 

Gideon Granger, Conn't Postmaster General. 

Robert Smith, Maryland Attorney General. 



James Madison's Cabinet. 

First Term. 

Robert Smith, Maryland Secretary of State. 

Albert Gallatin, Penns3dv'ia.Sec'y of the Treasury. 

William Eustis, Mass Secretary of War. 

Paul Hamilton, S. C Secretary of the Navy. 

Gideon Granger, Conn't Postmaster General. 

Caesar Rodney, Pennsylvania. Attorney General. 

Second Term. 

James Monroe, Virginia Secretary of State. 

Geo.W. Campbell, Tennessee -Sec'y of the Treasury. 
Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia --Secretary of War. 
B.W. Crowningshield, Mass. . Secretary of the Navy. 
Jonathan Meigs, Jr., Ohio. . -Postmaster General. 
Richard Kush,Pennsylvania-Attorney General. 



CABINET OEFICERS. 373 

Monroe's Cabinet. 

First Terin. 
John Quincy Adams, Mass. .Secretary of State, 
Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia. .Sec'y of the Treasury. 

John C. Calhoun, S. C Secretary of War, 

Smith Thompson, New York. Secretary of the Navy. 
Jonathan Meigs, Jr., Ohio. -.Postmaster General. 
William Wirt, Virginia Attorney General . 

Second Term. 

John Quincy Adams, Mass. _ -Secretary of State. 
Wm. H. Crawford, Georgia. .Sec'y of the Treasury. 

JohnC. Calhoun, S. C Secretary of War. 

Smith Thompson, New York. Secretary of the Navy. 

Jonathan Meigs, Jr. , Ohio Postmaster General, 

William AVirt, Virginia Attorney General. 



John Quincy Adams's Cabinet. 

Henry Clay, Kentucky Secretary of State. 

Richard Rush, Pennsylvania. Sec'y of the Treasury. 

James Barbour, Virginia Secretary of War. 

Samuel L. Southard, N, J. .. Secretary of the Navy. 

John McLean, Ohio Postmaster General. 

William Wirt, Virginia Attorney General. 



274 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Andrp:w Jackson's Cabinet. 
First Term. 

3Iartin YanBuren, N. Y Secretary of State. 

Samuel D. Ingham, Penn.-.Sec'y of tKe Treasury. 
JohnH. Eaton, Tennessee.. .Secretary of War. 
John Branch, North Carolina -Secretary of the Navy. 
William T. Barry, Kentucky .Postmaster General. 
John McPherson Berrien, Ga. .Attorney General. 



Second Term. 

Edward Livingston, La. Secrctar}-- of State. 

William J. Duane, Penn Sec'y of the Treasury. 

Mr. Duane was removed from office 
because he refused to place the money con- 
tained in the United States bank on deposit 
in the state banks named, and in his place 
was appointed 

Roger B Taney, Maryland.. Sec'y of the Treasury. 

Levi Cass, Ohio Secretary of War. 

Levi Woodbury, N. H Secretary of the Navy. 

William T. Barry, Kentucky. Postmaster General. 
Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y.. Attorney General. 

Benjamin F. Butler at the present time 

resides in Massachusetts. . 



CABINET OFFICERS. 275 

Martin Yan Buren's Cabinet. 

Jolin Forsyth, Georgia .Secretary of State. 

Leji Woodbury, N. H .Sec'y of the Treasury. 

Joel R. Poinsett, S. C __ Secretary of War. 

James K. Paulding, N. Y. .. Secretary of the Navy. 
Amos Kendall, Kentucky.. -Postmaster General. 
Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y... Attorney General. 



William Henry Harrison's Cabinet. 

Daniel Webster, Mass Secretary of State. 

Thomas Ewing, Ohio Sec'y of the Treasury. 

John Bell, Tennessee Secretary of War. 

George E. Badger, N. C Secretary of the Navy, 

Francis Granger, N. Y Postmaster General. 

John J. Crittenden, Ky Attorney General, 



John Tyler's Cabinet. 

The members of President Harrison's 
Cabinet all resigned after the veto of the 



^76 AMERICAN HIS TOBY. 

" Fiscal or United States Bank Bill," ex- 
cept Daniel Webster. It was at that time 
constituted as follows : 

Daniel Webster, Mass Secretary of State. 

Walter Forward, Penn Sec'y of the Treasury. 

John C. Spencer, N. Y Secretary of War. 

Abel P. Upshur, Virginia Secretary of the Navy. 

Charles A. Wickliffe, Ky Postmaster General. 

Hugh S. Legare, S. C Attorney General. 

Mr. Webster resigned in the spring of 
1843, and Mr. Upshur, then Secretary of 
the Nav}^ was appointed in his place; and 
Thomas W. Gihiier,Yirginia,was appointed 
to the Navy. 

Secretaries Upshur and Gilmer were 
killed February 28, 1844, by the bursting 
of a large cannon on board the steam frig- 
ate Princeton, the trial and strength of 
which they were witnessing. 

John 0. Calhoun, South Carolina, be- 
came Secretary of State, and John Y. 
Mason, Virginia, Secretary of the Navy. 



CABINET OFFICERS. 377 

James Knox Polk's Cabinet. 

James Buchanan, Penn Secretary of State. 

Robert J. Walker, Miss.. Sec'y of the Treasury. 

William L. Marcy, N. Y Secretary of War. 

George Bancroft. Mass Secretary of the Navy. 

Cave Johnson, Tennessee... Postmaster General. 
John Y. Mason, Virginia Attorney General. 



Zaciiary Taylor's Cabinet. 

John M. Clayton, Delaware. Secretary of State. 
William M. Meredith, Penn. .Sec'y of the Treasury, 
George Crawford, Georgia.. Secretary of War. 
William Ballard Preston, Va.. Secretary of the Navy. 

Jacob Collamer, Vermont Postmaster General. 

Reverdy Johnson, Maryland .Attorney General, 
Thomas E wing, Ohio Sec'y of the Interior. 

The last named office was created by 
Congress March 3, 1849, the day before 
the commencement of President Taylor's 
term. 



Millard Fillmore's Cabinet. 

Daniel Webster, Mass Secretary of State. 

Thomas Corwin, Ohio Sec'y of the Treasury. 

Charles M. Conrad, La Secretary of War. 



278 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

William A. Graham, N. C. ..Secretary of the Navy. 
Nathan K. Hall, New York .Postmaster General. 

John J. Crittenden, Ky Attorney General. 

Alexander H.H. Stuart, Penn..Sec'y of the Interior. 

Daniel Webster died October 2-i, 1852, 

and was succeeded by Edward Everett, of 

Massachusetts. 



Fkanklin Pierce's Cabinet, 

"No change took place during his term 
of office. 

William L. Marcy, N. Y Secretary of State. 

James Guthrie, Kentucky ...Sec'y of the Treasury. 

Jefferson Davis, Miss Secretary of War. 

James C. Dobbin, N. C Secretary of the Navy. 

James Campbell, Penn Postmaster General. 

Caleb Cushing, Mass Attorney General. 

Robert McClelland, Mich Sec'y of the Interior. 



James Buchanan's Cabinet. 

Lewis Cass, Michigan Secretary of State. 

Howell Cobb, Georgia Sec'y of the Treasury. 



CABINET OFFICERS. 279 

John B. Floyd, Virginia Secretary of AVar. 

Isaac Toucey, Connecticut- -Secretary of the Navy. 
Aaron V. Brown, Tennessee -Postmaster General. 

Jeremiah S. Black, Penn Attorney General. 

Jacob Thompson - Sec'y of the Interior. 

This cabinet was broken up during the 
last year of Mr. Buchanan's administration. 

John A. Dix, of New York, was ap- 
pointed Secretary of the Treasury in the 
place of Howell Cobb, who had resigned. 
At this time New Orleans was in the 
possession of the secessionists : two United 
States revenue cutters were there, and the 
new Secretary of the Treasury ordered 
them to New York. 

The captain of one of them, after con- 
sulting with the collector at New Orleans, 
refused to obey. 

Secretary Dix telegraphed the lieuten- 
ant to arrest the captain, and, in case he 
offered any resistance, to treat him as a 
mutineer; and closed his dispatch with 
the memorable words, " If any one haul 
down the Araerican flag^ shoot him on the 
spotP 



280 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Abraham Lincoln's Cabinet. 
First Term. 

William H. Seward, N. Y. .. Secretary of State. 

Salmon P. Chase, Ohio Sec'y of the Treasury. 

Simon'Cameron, Perm Secretary of War. 

Gideon Welles, Connecticut. Secretary of the Navy. 

3Iontgomery Blair, Md Postmaster General. 

Edward Bates, Missouri Attorney General. 

Caleb B. Smith, Indiana Sec'y of the Interior. 

Mr. Cameron was succeeded by Edwin 
M. Stanton, January 14, 1862. 

Mr. Chase resigned, and was succeeded 
by William P. Fessenden, July 5, 1861. 

Second Term . 

William H. Seward, N. Y. . . Secretary of State. 
Hugh McCulloch, Indiana. .Sec'y of the Treasury. 

Edwin M. Stanton, Penn Secretary of War. 

Gideon^Welles, Conn Secretary of the Navy. 

William Dennison, Ohio Postmaster General. 

James S. Speed, Kentucky.. Attorney General. 
John P. Usher, Indiana Sec'y of the Interior. 



Andrew Johnson's Cabinet. 

William^H. Seward, N. Y. .. Secretary of State, 
Hugh^McCulloch, Indiana... Sec'y of the Treasury. 



CABINET OFFICERS. 381 

Edwin M. Stanton, Penn Secretary of War. 

Oideon Welles, Connecticut. Secretary of the Navy. 

William Dennisou, Ohio Postmaster General. 

James S. Speed, Kentucky.. Attorney General. 
James Harlan, Iowa Sec'y of the Interior. 

In 1867, President Johnson suspended 
Secretary Stanton, and appointed General 
Grant Secretary of War ad interim. Mr. 
Stanton turned over the office under pro- 
test, denying the right of the President to 
remove him. 

When Congress assembled, the President 
sent to the Senate his reasons for the re- 
moval of Mr. Stanton ; but that body held 
that under the " tenure-of-office " act the 
President had no power to remove without 
the approval of the Senate. General 
Grant immediately transferred the office 
to Secretary Stanton. 

In 1868, the President removed Secre- 
tary Stanton, and appointed General Lo- 
renzo Thomas Secretary of War. 

The Senate, when officially informed, 
passed a resolution declaring that '^ the 
President had no power to remove the 



382 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Secretary of War and designate another 
person to perform the duties of that office." 



Ulysses S. Grant's Cabinet. 

First Term. 

Hamilton Fish, New York. -Secretary of State. 
George S. Boutwell, Mass. . . Sec'y of tlie Treasury. 
William W. Belknap, Iowa -Secretary of War. 

George M. Robeson, N. J Secretary of the Navy, 

John A. J. Creswell, Md Postmaster General, 

E, Rockwood Hoar, Mass. .-Attorney General. 
Jacob D, Cox, Ohio Sec'y of the Interior, 

Second Term. 

Hamilten Fish, N. Y .-Secretary of State. 

George S. Boutwell, Mass.. -Sec'y of the Treasury. 
Wifliam W, Belknap, Iowa- .Secretary of War, 

George M. Robeson, N, J Secretary of the Navy, 

John A. J. Creswell, Md Postmaster General, 

Geo, H, Williams, Oregon .-Attorney General, 
Columbus Delano, Ohio Sec'y of the Interior, 



KUTHERFORD B. HaYES's CaBINET. 

William M. Evarts, N, Y Secretary of State. 

John Sherman, Ohio Sec'y of the Treasury. 



CABINET OFFICERS. 383 

Alexander Ramsey, Minn Secretary of War. 

Richard W. Thompson, Ind. .Secretary of the Navy. 
David M. Key, Tennessee. -.Postmaster General. 

Charles Devens, Mass. Attorney General. 

Carl Schurz, Missouri Sec'y of the Interior. 

During the last year, Mr. Thompson 
was succeeded by Nathan GofF, of West 
Virginia; and Mr. Key, by Horace May- 
nard, of Tennessee. 



James Abram Garfield's Cabinet. 

James G. Blaine, Maine Secretary of State. 

William Windom, Minn Sec'y of the Treasury. 

William H. Hunt, La Secretary of the Navy. 

Robert F. Lincoln, Illinois ..Secretary of War. 

Thomas L. James, N. Y Postmaster General. 

Wayne MacVeagh, Penn... Attorney General. 
Samuel J. Kirkwood, Iowa. -Sec'y of the Interior. 



Chester A. Arthur's Cabinet. 

Fred. T. Frelinghuysen,N. J.. Secretary of State. 

Charles J. Folger, N. Y Sec'y of the Treasury. 

Robert F. Lincoln, Illinois. -Secretary of War. 
William E. Chandler, N. H.. Secretary of the Navy. 



284 AMERICAN HISTORT. 

Timothy O. Howe, Wis Postmaster General, 

Benjamin H. Brewster, Penn. .Attorney General. 
Henry M. Teller, Colorado. --Seo'y of the Interior. 



SECTION XLIII. 



Sovereigns of England — Early Norman Kings. 



yrs. 



Fi'om lOGG to 115 If, 88 years. — ^ Kings. 

Began to 
reigii. 

William I. (Tlie Conqueror) 1066 21 

William II. (Ruf us), son .1087 13 

Henry I. (Beauclerc), brother 1 100 35 

Stephen (Count of Blois), nephew 1135 19 

Plantagenet Family, 

Fi'om 115 If to 1399, 21^5 years.— 8 Kings. 

Henry II. (grandson of Henry I.) 1154 35 

Richard I. (son).. .1189 10 

John (brother) .1199 17 

Henry III. (son) 1216 56 

Edward I. (son) ..1272 35 

Edward II. (son). 1307 20 

Edward III. (son) .1327 50 

Richard II. (grandson) 1377 22 

285 



386 SOVEREIONS OF ENGLAND. 

House of Lancaster. 

From 1399 to 1461, 62 years.— 3 Kings. 

Began to 
reign. ^ 

Henry IV. (son of John of Gaunt) 1399 14 

Henry V. (son) ..1413 9 

Henry VI. (son) ....1422 39 

House of Yobk. 
From U61 to 14S5, 34 years.— S Kings. 

Edward IV. (son of Richard of York)... 1461 23 

Edward V. (son) 1483 74 d's 

Richard III. (uncle) 1483 3 

Tudor Family. 
From I486 to 1603, 118 years. — 3 Kings and 2 Queens. 

Henry VII ....1485 24 

Henry VIII. (son)... 1509 38 

Edward VI. (son) 1547 6 

Mary (half-sister) 1553 5 

Elizabeth (half-sister) 1558 45 

Stuart Family. 

Fro9n 1603 to 1714, 111 years. — 6 Sovereigns. 

James I. (son of Mary, Queen of Scots). .1603 23 
Charles I. (son) 1625 34 



EARLY NORMAN KINGS. 287 

Began to 
reign. ' 
Commonwealth, during which Cromwell 

ruled as Protector for five years, from 

1653 to 1658 1649 11 

Charles II. (son of Charles I. ) 1660 25 

James II. (brother).. 1685 4 

Wm. III. (nephew) Mary 11. (daughter), 1689 13 

Anne (daughter of James II. ) .1702 13 

House of Brunswick. 

I^Yo7ii 17 U to 18S3, etc., 168 years. — 6 Sovereigns. 

George I. (great-grandson of James I.).. 1714 14 

George II. (son) .1737 33 

George III. (grandson) 1760 60 

George lY. (son) 1820 10 

William IV. (brother) 1830 7 

Victoria (niece) 1837 45 

to the present time, 1882. 

Notes. 

The IS'ormans (the descendants of the 
l^orthmen who had settled in ll^ormandy, 
France), led on by William, Duke of Nor- 
mandy, with 60,000 men, met Harold and 
his army at Hastings. 

Harold was slain, the army defeated, 
and William the Duke became William the 



288 SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. 

Conqueror, the first king of the Norman 
dynasty. 

He entered London in triumph and was 
crowned, on Christmas day, at Westmin- 
ster- 

The name comes from Kormandy. Wil- 
liam II. was called Ruf us. 

The name Rufus was given him on ac- 
count of his red complexion and hair. 

Henry I. was called Beauclerc. 

He gained this surname, Beauclerc, or 
fine scholar, by translating ^ sop's Fables. 

Matilda, the daughter of Henry I., mar- 
ried Geoffrey Plantagenet, and Henry II. 
was Matilda's son ; hence, Henry II. was 
the first king in the Plantagenet family. 

Henry lY. was the oldest son of John 
of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster ; hence, Henry 
lY. was the first king in the Lancastrian 
line. 

Before the flight of Henry YI. to Scot- 
land in 1461, Richard, Duke of York, the 
father of Edward lY., cautiously and grad- 
ually advanced his claim to the throne, 
gained the support of the powerful earls of 



EARLY NORM AN KINGS. 289 

Warwick and Salisbury, took arms against 
Somerset, the last great nobleman in the 
Lancastrian branch. 

The adherents of the Honse of Lancas- 
ter wore as a bad^e the red rose, and those 
of the House of York, a white rose ; hence 
the name, " Wars of Roses." Richard^ 
Duke of. York, was slain in 1460 ; but 
young Edward immediately put himself at 
the head of Welsh mountaineers, defeat- 
ed his adversaries, marched directly to 
London, where he entered without oppo- 
sition, the House of York being in posses- 
sion of the throne. 

Hence the name, " House of York." 

On the death of Henry Y., his widow, 
Catharine, married Owen Tudor, a Welsh 
chieftain, by whom she had a son. 

This son married a descendant of John 
of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. The issue 
of this marriage wsls Henry Tudor, Earl of 
Richmond, afterward Henry YII. 

Hence the name, " Tudor." 

James I. was the son of Mary Stuart, 
Queen of Scots ; he was the representa- 



aSO SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. 

tive of the royal families of England 
and Scotland, and so united both their 
crowns. 

The name Stuart Family came from 
Mary Stuart. 

The Hanov^erian succession was guaran- 
teed by treaty with Holland in 1706, 1709, 
and 1713, and by the treaty of Utrecht in 

1713. The electress Sophia died May 28, 

1714, and her son, Cieorge Lewis, became 
heir and succeeded Queen Anne at her 
death, August 1, of the same year. In 
spite of schemes to place upon the throne 
the son of James II., the accession of 
George I. was without disturbance. 

From this we get the House of Hanover 
<>r Brunswick. 



TOPICAL INDEX. 



Section I. Page, 
Early Discoveries - ^ 

Section II. 
Periods bounded by dates H 

Section III. 
Voyages of Columbus— Nations engaged in ex- 
plorations—Territory claimed by each— The 
reigning Sovereigns of England during the 
First Period - - - - 1^ 

Section IV. 
Settlement of the Colonies —Navigation Act- 
King William's War— Treaty of Pvyswick— 
Queen Anne's War— Treaty of Utrecht- 
King George's War— Treaty of Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle— Intercolonial War— Colonial Govern- 
ments—The reigning Sovereigns in England 
during the Second Period. 14 

Section V. 
Causes leading to the Revolution 23 

291 



^92 AMERICAN UISTORY. 

Section VI. 
Leading events of the Revolution — King of 
England.- 26 

Section YII. 
Leading events of the Revolution grouped — Sug- 
gestions to teachers, and plans for teaching 
by group* 31 

Section YIIL 
Ratification of the Articles of Confederation — 
Cessions of territory by several States — The 
Shay Rebellion— The Northwest Territory. 43 

Section IX. 
Ratification of the Constitution— First Presi- 
dential election, and its declaration to Con- 
gress — Inauguration of Washington 47 

Section X. 
Oeorge Washington's Administration... 50 

Section XL 
John Adams's Administration 54 

Section XII. 
Thomas Jefferson's Administration 56 

Section XIII, 
James Madison's Administration 60 

Section XIY. 
James Monroe's Administration. 63 



INDEX. 393 

Section XV. 
John Quincy Adams's Administration 67 

Section XVI. 
Andrew Jackson's Administration 69 

Section XVII. 
Martin Van Buren's Administration 73 

Section XVIII. 
Harrison and Tyler's xldministration 75 

Section XIX. 
James K. Polk's Administration 77 

Section XX. 
Taylor and Fillmore's Administration 80 



Section XXI. 
Franklin Pierce's Administration 83 

Section XXII. 
James Buchanan's Administration 85 

Section XXIII. 
Lincoln and Johnson's Administration 88 

Section XXIV. 
Leading events of the Rebellion grouped 106 

Section XXV. 
Statistics of the Rebellion 116 



294 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Section XXVI. 
Ulysses S. Grant's Administration 118 

Section XXVII. 
Rutherford B. Hayes's Administration 121 

Section XXVIII. 
James A. Garfield's Administration 124 

Section XXIX. 
Chester A. Arthur's Administration 126 

Section XXX. 
Suggestions to teachers— Chart No. I. — Keys to 
Charts Nos. I. and II 128 

Section XXXI. 
Mason and Dixon's Line 150 

Section XXXII. 
The American Flag 152 

Section XXXIII. 
Finances. 154 

Section XXXIV. 

Treaties and Compromises 161 

Treaty with England 161 

Treaty with France 162 

Treaty for the purchase of Louisiana 163 

Treaty with Tripoli. 163 

Treaty with England. 16^ 



INDEX. 295 

Treaty with Algiers 165 

Treaty with Spain 166 

The Missouri Compromise 167 

Webster -Ashburton Treatj'' 168 

Northwestern Boundary Treaty 169 

The Wilmot Proviso 170 

Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty 171 

Clay ton-Bulwer Treaty 171 

Clay's Compromise 173 

The Gadsden Purchase 173 

The Ostend Manifesto 174 

Repeal of the Missouri Compromise 175 

Treaty for the purchase of Alaska 176 

Annexation of Santo Domingo 177 

The Geneva Award 177 



Section XXXV. 

Disastrous Conflagrations 178 

New York 178 

San Francisco, Cal ^ 178 

Charleston, S. C 179 

Columbia, S. C 179 

Richmond, Va 180 

Portland, Maine 180 

Chicago, 111 181 

Michigan Pines 182 

Boston - - - 182 

Brooklyn Theatre 183 

Michigan forest fires 183 

Michigan devastation, 1881 183 



296 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Section XXXVI. 

Cholera 185 

Cholera 186 

Cholera--- 187 

Yellow Fever . 187 

Section XXXVII. 
Histor}^ of Railroads 188 

Section XXXVIII. 

Historical Stories 191 

Paul Revere 191 

Declaration of Independence 193 

Nathan Hale 196 

Jane McCrea 197 

Battle of Monmouth 199 

John Andre 201 

Bunker Hill Monument 204 

Washington Monument 205 

Battle Monument 206 

The Monitor 207 

Section XXXIX. 
Brave and Noble Words 210 

Section XL. 

Biographical Sketches 215 

George Washington 215 

John Adams ..- 216 

Thomas Jefferson 216 

James Madison. 217 

James Monroe 218 



INDEX. 297 

John Quincy Adams 219 

Andrew Jackson 220 

Martin Van Buren 224 

Wm. Henry Harrison 225 

John Tyler 227 

James K. Polk 228 

Zachary Taylor 230 

Millard Fillmore _• 231 

Franklin Pierce 234 

James Buchanan 236 

Abraham Lincoln 239 

Andrew Johnson 245 

Ulysses S. Grant 247 

Rutherford B. Hayes 251 

James A. Garfield 254 

Chester A. Arthur . 258 

Section XLI. 

The Chief Justices 262 

John Jay 262 

John Rutledge 264 

Oliver Ellsworth 265 

John Marshall 266 

Roger B. Taney 267 

Salmon P. Chase 267 

Morrison R. Waite 268 

Section XLII. 
Cabinet Officers of 

George Washington 270 

John Adams 371 



298 AMERICAN HISTORY. 

Thomas Jefferson 271 

James Madison 272 

James Monroe 273 

John Quincy Adams 273 

Andrew Jackson 274 

Martin Van Buren . 275 

Wm. H. Harrison 275 

John Tyler 275 

James K. Polk 277 

Zachary Taylor 277 

Millard Fillmore 277 

Franklin Pierce 278 

James Buchanan 278 

Abraham Lincoln 280 

Andrew Johnson 280 

Ulysses S. Grant_: 282 

Rutherford B. Hayes 282 

James A. Garfield 283 

Chester A. Arthur 283 

Section XLHI. 

Sovereigns of England 285 

Early Xorman Kings 285 

Plantagenet Family 285 

House of Lancaster 286 

House of York 286 

Tudor Family 286 

Stuart Family 286 

House of Brunswick 287 

Notes on English Sovereigns 287 



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